Analysing The Junk Food Generation English Language Essay

Analysing The Junk Food Generation English Language Essay Adults and children nowadays eat fast food without knowing its effects on the body and general health, therefore we shall realize the nutritional value of what we eat in order to understand whether we need it or not. In that paper I will talk about junk food discussing its history, reasons of rapid spread all around the world, its harmful effects, and the possible solution for that problem. Introduction: Fast food (Junk food) refers to food that is easily and quickly prepared, however, it refers mainly to the food that is prepared from precooked or preheated ingredients then packed and sold in stores or restaurants. In 1951 the word Fast food was first introduced in the Merriam-Webster dictionary. Junk or fast foods taste good and are rich in calories but they are of a very low nutritional value, Fast foods are usually rich in sugar, rich in fats or rich in salt. There are many examples of junk food such as Pizza, French Fries, Burgers, hotdogs, fried food, candy, ice cream, and soda pop. Other kinds of junk food are just like the imitation juice that you find nowadays in most of the markets, you may think it is healthy but the truth is that it has loads and loads of sugar, artificial flavors, and so little of the pure natural juice. Fast food has appeared in the world during Ancient Rome age, they sold wine and bread in the streets of the cities, also in the Far East noodles were prepared and sold while in the Middle East there were the flafel and the flatbread, Indians introduced dahi vada, vada pav, and panipuri. Although fast food is tasty and delicious, it has many disadvantages, people must nowadays be aware of those disadvantages, fast food has real damage on the human health, and the most important bad effects that the fast food may cause are obesity, high cholesterol level, cardiovascular disorders, and nutritional deficiencies. Actually fast food may not contain any nutritional benefits to the body because it usually contains harmful fats, carbohydrates, and cholesterol that dont provide the body with any useful energy. Consuming fast food is increasing in a very rapid way nowadays and that increase is cause mainly by 3 main reasons which are: Convenience: Since it is fast and we live our lives in a hurry nowadays, there is no time to prepare healthy and well prepared food. Ads: Advertisement is the Fast Food marketers weapon; they use anything possible to advertise including TV commercials, Radio stations, vending machines and internet pop-ups. Lack of discipline: and that is another important reason, and may be the most important one but I will talk about it in details later. Fast food is a real problem that has many horrible and sometimes fatal effects on people especially youth and children, in that paper I will discuss in details the effects of junk food on the individual, the society and the world. And I will also talk about the possible solutions for that problem. Body: The Junk food planet: People around the world are of different races, languages, borders, and religions; however, they may have the same problems, views, and tastes. Media devices have helped in uniting those things; it made the world as if it is just one small village. Our ancestors used to respect their planet, they took care of their health, and on the other hand we looked for Fast food. Nowadays everyone eats fast food, especially the new generation that loves and eats only the fast food. A lot of parents all around the world may give their kids sugary fast food in order to be hyperactive, and afterwards, their children complain and feel sick, therefore they take their children to doctors who will prescribe some medications that will cure the symptom not the cause, despite of not being in need to those medications if they just changed their diet. Reasons of the increased consumption of junk food: There are many reasons beyond the increased consumption of fast food around the world, the most common reasons are: Convenience: You wake up early in the morning with very little or no energy, even if you slept for the regular eight hours, you will still feel tired, you find no time to make breakfast then you say to yourself that you will just get something on your way to work, you stop by any supermarket and buy some doughnuts and a soft drink (e.g. Soda), you believe that the sugar in those products will give you power and energy, you work for about eight hours and then you find yourself hungry again, you are so tired, you dont want to bother yourself by making lunch so you order junk food again. In general, nowadays we live a very fast life; you have no time to cook healthy food so you choose the easier way which is the junk food even if it was lower in its nutritional value. Advertisements: Marketers of the junk food use every possible way to advertise, they use TV, Radio, and internet. Television is known to have a very powerful effect on people; therefore marketers use advertisements that reach the mind of a lot of consumers, because advertisements wash away our fears and suspects and give us another beautiful image and that is just what the marketers want. Most of the advertisements aim for the children, and it was reported food ads that appear during childrens T.V. programs are 25%, in India they are approximately 50% while in Pakistan they are 75%. Since 1980 there was an obvious increase in the childrens advertisements, they were used not only to affect the children then but to increase the future fast food consumption also; they targeted children because they know the influence that children may have on their parents, and to create loyal future consumers. Fast food marketers would do anything and would pay huge amounts of money in advertising especially for the children including games, contests and toys; they use cartoon and comics to advertise. For example, Burger King was the first to give the children free toys with their meals, in 1999 it was reported that Burger King featured more than 50,000,000 toys. The Sales of Burger King in the USA were doubled that year. Marketer used everything; they used movie stars, sports famous players, and pop singers. Pepsi used Pink, Britney Spears and Beyonce Knowles, while McDonalds used Justin Timberlake in their latest campaign Im lovin it they offered him $6,000,000. In conclusion, children are very important customers in the market because of the great effect they have on their parents, in the past mothers were more powerful than the market power, but those days are gone nowadays, it was reported that most of parents nowadays were influenced by their children mainly in their marketing decisions especially when it is related to food, therefore marketers need only to persuade the children, and wait for them to convince their parents. Lack of discipline: Nowadays, the new generation has a very weak personality, they didnt suffer the fears of wars, they have everything easy and available, thus they have no inner strength, they dont understand the value of life or health, they may know the consequences of eating a lot of fast food, and nevertheless they buy it because of lacking of discipline. Parents also became very weak; they try to be more friendly with their children, so they respond to every single demand, they feed them according to their desire not what is healthier for them and for their bodies. Effects of Junk food on health: Junk food has many bad effects on health, they include: Effects on blood pressure: Fast food contains high amounts of Na++ (Sodium) that lead to high blood pressure, it was stated that the adults body require only 1200-1500 milligram of sodium every day, so when you realize that the normal table salt contains about forty per cent sodium and that a teaspoon of salt may contain about 2400 milligram of sodium, and that high amounts of sodium leads certainly to high blood pressure, you will realize what risks fast food may lead to. Cholesterol: Junk food that contains meat contains bad cholesterol that has dangerous effects on the human body and general health, the accumulation of cholesterol molecules in arteries will result in their thickening and clogging that will in return result in congestion of blood vessels and will obstruct the normal blood flow which will lead to disorders in the blood pressure, and if the artery affected was one of those that carry blood to the heart, it will may lead to a heart attack, and in complicated cases it may cause heart failure. Trans Fats: Trans fats are considered to be the worst type of fats, and it is present in Junk food with high amounts, trans fat is very harmful because it reduces the levels of good cholesterol in addition to increasing the levels of bad cholesterol. It was reported that fast food contains 45 per cent of trans fats more than normal and well prepared food. Effects on the cardiovascular system and vascular function: About 40 per cent of children and 37 per cent of adults depend mainly on junk food in their lives, they have higher levels of fats, saturated fats, energy, soda drinks, and sodium, and on the other hand lower intake of milk, vegetables, fruit and essential vitamins such as C and A. Fast food consumption was proved to have bad effects on the CVS (Cardio Vascular System) in general because fast food lead to gaining weight and insulin resistance, and on the long term fast food causes disorders in the endothelial functions and marked increase in the oxidative stress, and as a further complication, both oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction develop atherosclerosis, and this may end in cardiovascular failure and death. On the other hand well prepared meals such as the Mediterranean or the vegetarian food contain low unsaturated fats and higher content of vitamins therefore it may be considered a protective diet, for example when you take high doses of antioxidant vitamins (CE) they will prevent endothelial dysfunction. Obesity: It was stated by the Worldwatch Institute that the number of adults that have obesity nowadays are the same number of those who suffer from underweight. Children obesity has become epidemic in many countries, there are more than 17,000,000 children that are 5 years old suffer from obesity all around the world. Obesity causes many health complications, it causes both psychological and physical disorders, the prognosis is very poor with possible subsequent cardiovascular diseases, some kinds of cancer, and premature death. Other complications: Effects on energy: Fast food doesnt contain any or very low nutritional components, on the contrary, it is composed of harmful fats, cholesterol, and carbohydrates, therefore it doesnt provide your body with any energy, and body weakness. Low concentration: Fast food contains high levels of fat and oil that are difficult to be digested, so the body spends more amounts of enzymes and blood. That means that when you eat a lot of junk food, blood goes mainly you the intestine, therefore you may feel drowsy and lose concentration. Liver failure: Liver may get damaged due to the high amounts of salt, cholesterol, and fat that are present in most of the junk food. Diabetes Mellitus: Fast food may cause damage to pancreas and that may lead to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Junk food and the children of Egypt: In Egypt mothers chose the easiest way to feed their children nowadays, they feed their own kids pizza and soda without knowing that this junk food is very harmful for them, it was reported by a physician at el Qasr Al-Aini hospital that about 7 kids were being treated from apnea in just 3 months, Apnea is a sleeping disorder that happens when fats block the pulmonary air paths, that means that those kids were choking by their own fat. Children of Egypt today drink soda more than milk, and it was reported that 10% of male teenagers from thirteen to eighteen years old drink about 7 cans of soda daily, while 10% of the females may drink about 5 daily, however, soda has horrible effects on the body where it causes bone weakness and osteoporosis. Recommendations: Ban junk food advertising for kids under twelve years old. (Sweden has done this already, so it is possible) Decrease the number of the fast food advertisements during the kids shows and programmes.(South Korea limited the Ads number to 10%) Health messages in kids shows and Ads Eat well prepared home-made food. Avoid junk food specially French fries Soda drinks Breakfast cereals Pizza White bread Donuts Chocolates and candies Decaffeinated coffee Ice cream Conclusion Junk food consumption has increased nowadays; both developing and developed countries suffer from this problem. The main reason for the increased consumption of fast food especially among our kids is the advertisements; however, we bear high responsibility also, because we let them eat what they want to eat with no restrictions even if it was harmful for their health and bodies. Fast food has many horrible effects on the human body such as weakness, loss of energy, loss of concentration, obesity, cardiovascular disorders, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, apnea, liver diseases, and high blood pressure Children in Egypt today depend on junk food as their main source of nutrition, and that must be prevented by the parents and shown in the children programmes if we want to get a healthy and a strong new generation.

The Quarrel About Historical Explanation :: essays research papers

The Quarrel About Historical Explanation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The discussion of the philosophical question of historical explanation is in reality a disagreement concerning the nature of the philosophic method.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are primarily two sides taken in this argument, those who agree with Carl Hempel and those that do not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Hempel a historical event is only sufficiently explained when it logically fits a set of confirmed pre-existing conditions along with some universal laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certainly all things cannot easily be assigned to rules and laws. Political coups, assassinations and revolutions are too complex for such a rigid explanation. And who is to say what perquisites there are for situations. Certainly there is no one who can predict every instance of a given event, there are just too many variables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hempel then notes that Historians are seldom able to stick to his procedure and at best can only make an explanation sketch. Hempel seems to be saying then, that the majority of explanations surrounding historical events are inadequate and incomplete.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three main divisions of anti-Hempelians. There are those that agree with Hempel to the point that there are rules and general laws that can be followed, but a historian's explanation is adequate if all he can provide is a sketch. The second group states that the general laws are not necessary and as long as the explanation provides an understandable narrative, it is complete. The final group believes that only one condition is necessary, and if more information is needed, one only needs to elaborate on that one condition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hempelians and the anti-Hempelians both have common ground. They are both engaged in the philosophy of history, but this is where the agreement stops for even the groups starting points are different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hempelians give their explanations to answer the question of why something happened. Their objective is to replace curiosity with understanding. For this to happen both the laws and general rules given must logically agree. In other words you must be able to deduce the answer after given the laws and rules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It would not be enough for a Hempelian to hear that conditions led up to an event. He must know himself that these conditions are causes, and he'll know this only if the conditions are widely known or confirmed causes of said event. These conditions must not only be confirmed but true or the explanation would merely be an exercise in futility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An anti-Hempelian's problem with all of this is summarized in that historians do not use such methods to do their explaining, even if they did an explanation may not result, and finally historians are doing a very fine job

Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio

mrunal. org http://mrunal. org/2012/08/econ-crr. html [Economy] Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Controversy between SBI & RBI: meaning, implication on Economy Explained 1. What is CRR? 2. What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? 3. Examples of Scheduled Commercial Banks 1. Case # 1: High CRR and SLR 2. Case # 2: Low CRR and SLR 4. Repo Rate 5. Reverse Repo Rate 6. Bank Rate 7. What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? 8. What is the problem with CRR? 9. How much CRR deposit does RBI have? 10. What does SBI want? 11. Deputy Governor of RBI 12. Timeline of Events 13.Mock Questions Before proceeding further, do read the earlier articles on 1. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) 2. Cost Push Inflation 3. Demand Pull Inflation What is CRR? CRR means Cash Reserve Ratio. Banks in India are required to hold a certain proportion of their total deposits with RBI in cash form. Right now, CRR is about 4. 75% that means if people deposit total Rs. 100 in SBI, then SBI would have to deposit Rs. 4. 75 in RB I. This is CRR or Cash Reserve Ratio. CRR rule doesnot apply to Regional Rural Banks, Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC), Mutual funds or insurance companies.What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? Scheduled banks are those banks which have been included in the second schedule of the Reserve bank of India act of 1934. The banks included in this schedule list should fulfill two conditions. 1. The paid capital and collected funds of bank should not be less t han Rs. 5 lakhs. 2. Any activity of the bank will not adversely affect the interests of depositors [hahaha, does it mean Non-scheduled banks are allowed to adversely affect the interests of depositors !? ] Examples of Scheduled Commercial BanksPublic Sector Majority of stake is held by the government. 1. State Bank of India (SBI) 2. Punjab National bank (PNB) Private Sector Majority stakes are held by private players. 1. ICICI, 2. HDFC, 3. AXIS Bank Case #1: High CRR and SLR Suppose total deposit deposited in (by you and me) State Bank of India =Rs. 100 Total Deposit CRR: 15%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. SLR: 38%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. % interest rate on this investment. click me for more on SLR Money left with SBI Rs. 100 -15 -38 100-1538=Rs. 47 Case #2: Low CRR and SLR Total Deposit CRR: 4. 75%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. Rs. 100 -4. 75 SLR: 23%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. 5% interest rate on this investment. Money left with SBI -23 100-4. 7523=Rs. 72. 25 In either case, as long as you’re running a bank, you’ll have some input costs such as 1.Salary to Bank PO , Clerks, peons and security guards (With rusted guns) 2. Office rent 3. ATM machine’s electricity and maintenance. 4. Newspaper advertizement s. To pay above salary and bills, SBI would need to maintain certain amount of profit margin, no matter what RBI does with CRR,SLR or Repo Rate. In Case# 1, when SBI has only Rs. 47 in the hands, what can it do to keep the profit margin same? Obviously SBI will have to increase the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans given to customers.In case# 2, when SBI has Rs. 72, what can it do? Here the situation is not that bad. So, SBI chief would decrease the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans to seduce more customers. We already discussed this- SBI has more money so it can cut down interest rates and suffer temporary reduction in profit, in order to seduce more customers (compared to ICICI) So once SBI has reduced the interest rates, other banks will need to reduce their interest rates, to stay in the competition. Repo RateLet’s continue assuming the Case# 2, that SBI has only Rs. 72. 25 left in its locker. SBI chief comes to know that recently Samsung Company has launched Galaxy S3 mobile so plenty of youngsters may want to buy it because of the advertisements that appear on TV channels 24/7 Thus there will be demand for more personal loans (EMI) or credit card based shopping. But SBI got only Rs. 72. 25. So SBI chief would borrow some more money from RBI @8% interest rate and then re-lend this money to customers as personal loan @16% (and thus aking a killing profit of 16-8=8%) or he can supply money to customers for Credit Card shopping, and in that case he can earn interest rate anything between 16-37% or even more (depending on hidden terms and conditions of credit card. ) This 8% : the rat e @which RBI lends short t erm loans t o client s, is called Repo Rat e. Reverse Repo Rate As the name suggests, Reverse repo rate is â€Å"reverse† of Repo rate. So, if SBI chief feels there is not enough demand for loans and most of those 72. 25 Rupees are sitting idle, he’ll deposit some of that cash, in RBI.RBI will pay SBI chie f 7% interest rate on such deposit. Thus, Reverse repo rate is the interest rate which RBI pays its client s* for their shortterm deposits. Note: Reverse Repo Rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate according to new RBI rules. [Since Nov. 2010, Reverse Repo rate is constantly 1% less than Repo]. Side Question Why would SBI chief put his money in RBI? Because on your normal savings account in SBI, the chief pays you around 4% interest rate, while RBI is giving him 7% Reverse repo rate, so he’s making a profit of 3%. Bank RateBank rate is the interest rate which RBI charges from its clients* for their LONG-t erm loans. Recall that Repo Rate = RBI charge that much interest from its clients on SHORT t erm loans. *Who’re the clients of RBI? 1. Union Government 2. State Government 3. NABARD (through that money goes to Microfinance companies and Regional Rural Banks) 4. Commercial Banks (SBI, ICICI etc) 5. Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC) like Muthoot Finance and Mannapuram Gold Loans. (^list is not exhaustive. ) please not e: 1. Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate applies to all Clients of RBI. . The CRR,SLR applies to Commercial Banks. (including Urban Cooperative banks but excluding Regional Rural Banks) What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? RBI’s main job = control inflation by controlling money supply in the market. Too much money in the market =easy to get loans= not good. Because It’ll create inflation. [Demand Pull] Too less money in the market= again not good, because businessmen find it hard to get loans, thus input cost of production increases= not good for economy either and it’ll create inflation. Cost push] Therefore, RBI will increase/decrease these CRR, SLR and Repo Rates according to the situation in order to adjust the money supply in market and thus control inflation. [Monetary policy] Nowadays RBI doesn’t touch Bank rate much and mostly relies on Repo rate to control the money supply. CRR and SLR are also not changed as frequently as Repo rate. And Reverse repo rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate, so that makes Repo rate the â€Å"most f requent ly used t ool† in RBI’s monetary policy, in last two years.Apart from that, CRR,SLR and Repo Rate also help those competitive magazine wallas to fill up pages with ridiculously unimportant data tables to make your life more miserable. What is the problem with CRR? How much CRR deposit does RBI have? In July 2012 [all approximate numbers] Total Deposits in all Scheduled Commerical banks (SBI,ICICI etc) CRR: 4. 75%Banks have to keep this much amount of total deposits in RBI. Interest earned by SBI/ICICI etc on CRR deposits made in RBI 65 lakh crores 65 lakh crores x 4. 75%=around 3 Lakh crores sitting idle in RBI lockers. lakh crores x 0% = Rs. 0 If SBI/ICICI etc. could lend these 3 lakh crores (CRR deposits) to customers @10%, they could easily earn Rs. 30,000 crores in interest pa yment. Thus, CRR makes a huge difference in the profit of banks. UK, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand donot have CRR system in any form. In USA, there is graded system i. e. small banks don’t need to maintain any CRR with their central bank. While â€Å"big† banks would need to maintain CRR Deposit according to their size. Side Question: How â€Å"bigâ€Å"? Answer: no need to do Ph. D on that question trail.By the way, USA’s RBI (Central Bank) is known as Federal Reserve syst em and commonly known as â€Å"Feds†. So sometimes while randomly surfing through BBC/CNN you might come across lines like â€Å"Market boomed /crashed after Feds cut down the rates† they’re talking about USA’s RBI changing their repo, SLR etc. rates Interestingly, USA’s RBI (Feds) pays interest on the CRR deposits, while India’s RBI doesn’t pay any interest on CRR deposits. What does SBI want? Recently SBI Chairman Pratip Chaudha ri said that CRR does not help anyone and it is unfair to apply it only on banks.Even if CRR is required why should it be on banks alone? There are a number of institutions that raise funds from the public – insurance companies, mutual funds and NBFCs so CRR should be applicable to all. Because of CRR, every year we lose Rs. 3,500 crore. Pratip Chaudhari = Chairman of SBI In India, Businessmen get loan @11 per cent while that for a Chinese equipment manufacturer gets loan in his country for only 4 per cent. So CRR= less money in market= higher interest rate= increases the input cost of Indian products. Deputy Governor of RBIOn SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari’s demand for removal of CRR, the Deput y Governor of RBI K C Chakrabart y, replied that if the SBI Chairman is not able to do business as per our regulatory environment, he has to find some other place. On this [rude] comment of Chakrabarthy, SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari replied, (doesn’t matter what anyone says) I wanted to start a debate on CRR in the public domain, so let that debate happen. Timeline of Events Early 90s 1992 1996 1999 2007 CRR used to be as high as 15% and SLR used to be as high as 38. %, thus making life of businessmen and aam juntaa difficult. RBI introduces system of Repo rate. RBI introduces the system of Reverse Repo Rate RBI st art s paying interest rates to banks, on CRR deposits. Sub Prime Crisis in USA RBI st ops paying interest rates to banks on CRR deposits. 2010 Eurozone Crisis. For more on that topic, Click ME High inflation, RBI starts increasing Repo rate to fix it. 2011 Throughout the year, RBI keeps increasing Repo Rate to combat inflation. Repo rates gets as high as 8. 50%. August 2012 SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari demands removal of CRR. He has been doing it since a long time, even in 2011 seminars] So, This CRR removal news topic would have faded away just like it did in 2011, had the RBI deputy governor not replied on SBI chief’s statement. But RBI Deputy governor did, so the media blows the news out of proportion that â€Å"RBI snubs SBI chairman. † And thus the Innocent aspirants of UPSC, bank and MBA exams, are forced to learn one more topic i. e. CRR controversy. By the way, during this time, 1. 2. 3. 4. Bank Rate=9% Repo =8% (reverse repo would be obviously 8-1=7%) CRR=4. 75% SLR=23% Mock Questions Q1.Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are incorrect ? 1. The NBFCs are required to maintain CRR deposits with RBI. 2. RBI pays interest rates on CRR deposits. 3. An Increase in CRR would decrease the liquidity from the market. 4. At present, Bank Rate > Repo Rate > Reverse Repo Rate. Q2. Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are correct ? 1. Repo rate is the interest rate paid by RBI to banks on short term deposits. 2. A decrease in repo rate will increase the home loan interest rates. 3. HDFC is a Non-scheduled Commercial bank. 4. SLR is always 20% higher than CRR. Q3.What were the steps taken by RBI in its moneta ry policy during 2011 to control inflation in India. Do you think RBI achieved its objective? Give reasons to justify your stand. (Mains) Q4. If you were the RBI Governor, what steps would to take regarding the CRR issue? (interview) Ref: 1. Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh (Tata McGraw hill Publication) 2. http://moneylife. in/article/cash-reserve-ratio-a-non-performing-asset-forbanks/28066. html 3. http://www. indianexpress. com/news/cut-crr-to-fuel-positive-sentimentchaudhuri/980459/0 4. http://www. allbankingsolutions. com/DATA. htm August 30th, 2012 | Category: Economy

The Dispossessed by Ursula Le Guin - 1486 Words

The Dispossessed by Ursula Le Guin is a criticism of today’s capitalism by investigating what society structure would be best for human society. Le Guin uses the two models of capitalism and communism to be compared and contrasted against one another to determine which would function better and how to achieve such success. In order to depict what a replacement structure would look like; Le Guin creates two worlds to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of influence that each of these models have not only on their society, but on Shevek, the main character. The planet of Urras is a wealthy society, but all of this money is in the hands of the elites at the expense of those in the lower, working class. Their power continues to be protected by state figures as they work hand in hand adjusting society structures to benefit themselves and not every other citizen left into poverty. The moon of Urras is Anarres which is a stateless society that is continuously stagnant and has been in such a position for several decades. Although Anarres is described as the better world out of the two, the subtitle of the novel â€Å"An Ambiguous Utopia† indicates that there are some downfalls to this seemingly perfect society. This is a world of devastation with majority of their citizens in poverty and forced to work in jobs that they are not suited for and ultimately hate. The working class is a necessity for this planet to be sustained despite their bleak living conditions and weaknesses. ItsShow MoreRelatedCapitalism: Good or Evil? Essay1871 Words   |  8 Pagespossible to replace capitalism and save the suffering people. Similarly, novelist Ursula Le Guin’s story â€Å"The Dispossessed† also describes a capitalist world for us. But what is not quite the same is that Le Guin does not expose us to the plundering process of the creation of capitalism, she shows us the incredibly flourishing world in the capitalist country named A-Io on the planet of Urras. From the depiction of Le Guin, the picture of A-Io is a place filled with wealth, comfort, and also, profligatesRead MoreThe Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut1147 Words   |  5 Pagesto a new encounter (Evans xiii). By working within the megatext, Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Dispossessed (1974) provides an insightful avenue in exploring the handling of time and its consequences in Vonnegut’s The Sirens of Titan. This argument will be constructed, first, with an outline of Sirens’s plot, which is particularly necessary considering its sprawling nature. Following this overview, the connection between The Dispossessed and Sirens will be expounded upon regarding each novel’s handling

Symbolism Of The Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath

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The Joads were the main family in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, a book which was written in order to show what a family was going through, at this time period, and how they were trying to better their lives at the same time. ItRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck3897 Words   |  16 Pagesrealized that John Steinbeck talked about Religion in his book Grapes of Wrath? Well, if your answer is NO, let me inform you that Steinbeck did talk about Religion in his book. There are many similarities in John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath and Christ’s story. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck presents religion in different ways ranging from Jim Casy’s similarities to Christ, the use of Christian theology, and the symbolism of some characters as pastors. Throughout his book, Steinbeck recounts the great

Essay on The Columbian Exchange - 1075 Words

The Colombian Exchange was an extensive exchange between the eastern and western hemispheres as knows as the Old World and New World. The Colombian exchange greatly affects almost every society. It prompted both voluntary and forced migration of millions of human beings. There are both positive and negative effects that you can see from the Colombian Exchange. The Colombian Exchange explorers created contact between Europe and the Americas. The interaction with Native Americans began the exchange of animals, plants, disease, and weapons. The most significant effects that the Colombian Exchange had on the Old World and New World were its changes in agriculture, disease, culture, and its effects on ecology. The immediate cause of the†¦show more content†¦In the new world, Europeans encountered indigenous plant foods cultivated by Native Americas. These plants were potatoes, beans, corn, tobacco, and cocoa. The potato is especially important because it’s known for on e of the main foods for Ireland. The European’s influenced oats and barley etc. Domesticated animals as pigs, chickens, sheep, and ox were also brought to the Americas. Horses were also brought to the new world which was a new tool for hunting and used for military. There is also a huge spread of diseases brought between the new world and old world. The old world brought over cholera, influenza, malaria, measles, and smallpox. The Europeans considered illness as a consequence of sin. The Indians whom were non-Christian were often considered sinners because they constantly getting sick. Those who were ill often were punished. The Native Americans had no natural resistance to the diseases and the population declined over centuries. The Inca Empire decreased by millions in 1600s. This caused for Europeans to look to Africa and began importing African slaves to the Americas. 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The Flynn Effect-Free-Samples for Students- Myassignementhelp

Question: Is the world getting Smarter? Answer: Introduction The report deals with the question Is the world getting smarter? The report aims to present critical arguments in response to the essay question. The report critically evaluates the evidence surrounding the Flynn effect. The Flynn effect deals with I.Q scores of population and the way it changes over time (Shenk, 2017). The IQ score refers to the intelligence quotient. James Flynn, an American political scientist in one of his study conducted IQ tests scores for different population over the past 60 years. He observed that in all the countries, the data showed that the IQ scores increased from one generation to the next. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn Effect which reflects the improving modern environment (Flynn Flynn, 2012). It is due to these interesting phenomena, that there is a rising curiously to know if the world is getting smarter and if there is an underlying genetic potential. It is the rationale for choice of the topic. More studies are conducted in this field to k now if the present generation is smarter than then their grandparents are. Various controversies have aroused in response to the Flynn IQ tests. Some researchers have observed the negative Flynn effect, which do not reflect that humans are getting smarter. The reports thus, intend to address the question by using evidence-based arguments from the literature. For this purpose peer review articles will be researched from the online databases. Critical arguments There is a skyrocketing advancement in technology right from heart transplants to use of smartphones. As per Shenk (2017) in the past 100 years Flynn effect have been tested by many researchers. The Flynn tests are valid since the IQ tests are revised and standardised several times. The volunteers have conducted tests that were designed for members of previous generations. Flynn observed that new generations have scored higher than the original test takers in different parts of the word. Despite the geographic variation, the increase in scores for each decade, tend to be around three extra IQ points. Froehlich et al. (2016), who explained that the IQ scores reflect the improvement in the modern environment, also support these test results. This paper explained the increase in the IQ score. It says that both hereditary and the environmental factors are responsible for the increase in the score. Children have higher IQ in later life if they grow up in environment with lots of learning opportunities. It may be interpreted that these opportunities have led to increase in IQ over time. Latest studies support the Flynn effect and argues that the world is getting smarter. The modern researchers also explained Flynn effect in terms of better nutrition, better education, and more simulation that leads to increase in IQ score. Better education leads to better vocabulary and scientific habits of mind (Scardamalia Bereiter, 2015). These arguments may be reasonable to an extent because in 19th century people may explain the relationship between dog and hare as dog hunts the hare. However, the response generated by the modern person may be somewhat different. It may be dogs and mammals are both mammals. It represents the abstract thinking, which may have caused the increase in IQ score. Flynns explanations can be considered valid because in the modern world there is wealth of visual images which may have improved the mapping skills of people. There is a better understanding among the modern people in regards to three-dimensional figures and how they rotate. Based on the studies conducted on genetics humans are not getting smarter. According to Boomsma (2014), around 2000 genes control the human intelligence, it was found that between 2000 and 6000 years, humanitys intelligence peaked. Considering the rate of accumulation of the genetic mutation, it was calculated that almost all of the humanity have sustained at least two mutations, within the last 3000 years. These mutations were harmful to the genes determining the intellect. Based on these studies it can be interpreted that not all the mutations leads to harm. In case of mutation, the strong gene can cover the weakness of the weak gene as they exist in pairs. As per the calculations of these geneticists, intelligence is more fragile than it seems. The researcher Gerald Crabtree analysed that when species were hunter-gatherers, there was more the need of intelligence. For instance, failing to throw the spear at lion during attack means falling a prey and no more passing of the genes t o the offspring. The present modern generation rarely faces such tests of life and deaths (Baker et al., 2015). These results reflect that unlike our ancestors, intelligence is not evolutionarily important to present day humans. These evidences are not strong enough to argue that humans are not getting smarter. Without the smart thinking, such technological advancements would not have been possible. Thus, it is questionable if the humans are becoming smarter than before. Boomsma (2014) argued that humans are getting both smarter and dumber with time. This argument is based on various new studies that suggest that rising IQ scores are on decline including the underlying genetic potential for the smarts. According to this study, by one measure of intelligence the Victorians has modern folk beat. The study highlighted the trouble associated with the measurements. The measurements really reveal the intelligence is doubtful. Moreover, smarts are not defined by just one thing. This argument may be true because the factors that develop a clever person in African Savannah may not be same when considering the smart people in developed centres of Hong Kong. Michael Woodley, a Sweden psychologist, supports this argument through his new research. Froehlich et al. (2016) showed that intelligence is not simply increasing or decreasing. He argues that different parts of the intelligence are changing in different manner. The decline of the human intelligence has bee n agued by other researchers who have worked on dysgenic mating. Various genetic studies showed a negative relation between the IQ and reproduction. As per these studies, intelligent people have fewer babies. In this respect intelligence being partly genetic the IQ scores should have been dropping. However, the Flynn effect showed an increase in IQ score thereby creating a paradox for the theory of dysgenic mating (Dutton et al. 2016). These arguments against Flynn can be contradicted with the fact that in Norway and Sweden more children are born to lower IQ and less educated people. Both countries make easy availability of the birth control. The still rising IQ scores in most part of the world according to Flynn might be the environmental factors causing genetic problems The decrease in intelligence over time has been observed that contradicts the Flynn effect. Michael Woodley and other researchers have tuned to reaction time to prove this argument instead of IQ tests. The reaction time is the time required to respond to the stimulus. Unlike the IQ scores, the reaction time is not influenced by the cultural factors. Reaction time was chosen because it represents the ability of the individual to engage in cognitive processing. The results of the study in 1880 showed higher average reaction time for men when compared to women (Madison et al., 2016). After 1941, Sir Francis Galton conducted 12 similar studies and found that the average reaction time was much slower than before. Michael Woodley expanded these studies in 2010 using improved timers that ensure the accuracy of the results. The pendulum-based machines used in Galtons studies were also found to be accurate within 10 ms. The group with more inbreeding performed worse, on the reaction time test (Kenrick Griskevicius, 2013). These study results compels one to believe that with more genetically influenced components of intelligence, the intelligence have been declining. However, these tests are questionable as Flynn argued that peak reaction time is same for both dull person and brilliant person. The argument is valid because it may be really a neutral speed or may be that people are more willing to take risks. Considering the various genetic studies and reaction time tests it can be argued that the underlying decline of the human capacity to think smart is being masked by the Flynn effect.. Thus, the underlying decline a psychometric dark matter may not be highlighted on the tests conducted on pen and paper. As per Michael Woodley, this situation represents low quality seeds but high quality fertilisers (Madison et al., 2016). Woodley argues that a high quality environment may have been masking the decline in smart genes. However, these arguments are supported with valid reasons in the literature. There may be several possibilities right from natural section, to exposure to neurotoxins. Based on the reaction time tests it can be interpreted that over time the ability of smart thinking is shrinking. These, studies contradict the arguments in favour of Flynn effect, which explained that better education and opportunities leads to smart thinking. However, Flynn criticised the reaction time te sts as there may be differences in technologies for timing responses. Reaction time tests may have procedural differences in the instructions given to the participants, the form of response keys, extent of prior practice, the nature of stimuli, numbers of trials which generates the averages, which altogether influence the response length (Must Must Mikk 2016). Analysis of the arguments in response to Flynn effect increases curiosity if at all increasing IQ scores means getting smarter. If accomplishing greater things by brain is intelligence then there is no progress in this respect since 1900. Genes do not select in the manner in four generations that it can be concluded that present world have better genetically engineered brains (Arden et al., 2014). Smartness in terms of doing creative work or solving conceptual problem have increased over time. People today are more creative than those in 1900 (Kenrick Griskevicius, 2013). However, the questions arises if people in 1900 were equally adapted to circumstances as they are today. Yes, they are equally adapted. People in early 1900 did work in factory, and did hunting. It indicates their capability to cope up. They were not mentally retarded when they had an average IQ of 70. In this regard it can be interpreted as no gain in intelligence. However, people today are adapted to far more com plicated world and in this context, yes there is a gain of intelligence (Shenk, 2017). According to Flynn Flynn (2012) these gains may continue through future decades with the rise in percentage of people exposed to tertiary education in different parts of the world. There is need of further increase in people attending graduating schools. These gains may continue with increase in people who engage in refining their skills and self-education. This argument appears to be valid, as ever since the introduction of the formal education in Britain and in America in 1900 the IQ scores have gone up (Baker et al., 2014). Recently, there have been huge IQ gains in Kenya. However, the developed nations and the strong economic conditions are not just because of IQ but also other circumstances. For instances, IQ gains have been observed in island of Dominica as per Flynn test (Flynn, 2013). However, terrible things such as hurricanes, mudslides, may slow down the economic development. If the Flynn effect was irrelevant then the courts in US would not have taken this into considera tion. Most US courts say that it is permissible to apply the Flynn effect, which is having an influence on cases (Grgoire et al., 2015). The reason for this decision was increase in IQ gains over time among the convicted murder, which led to spare of death sentences. Conclusion It can be concluded from the old and modern research in the field of increasing IQ scores and the decreasing reaction times that these results may have a measurable correlation. However, it is difficult to explain the measure of IQ with the results of the reaction time due to short of the order of such correlation. Reaction time tests may not be accurate as peak reaction time is same for both dull person and brilliant person. Just as there are arguments against Flynn effect there are also many flaws found in the reaction time tests and the interpretations made by the geneticists. Moreover, the effects of the genes are not yet fully explored. Therefore, it cannot be interpreted if Flynn effect was invalid and other genetic tests and reaction time tests were valid. Therefore, it is not clear if indeed world is getting smarter. People today are more creative than those in 1900 and people today are adapted to far more complicated world and in this context, yes there is a gain of intellig ence. Our ancestors cannot be called stupid as they too adapted to the concrete world of everyday life. However, present generation is living in times of wide range of cognitive problems that that encountered by our ancestors. Eventually, todays human have developed the brain that can deal with these problems. It can be said that the world is getting more modern instead of smarter. References Arden, R., Trzaskowski, M., Garfield, V., Plomin, R. (2014). Genes influence young childrens human figure drawings and their association with intelligence a decade later.Psychological science, 0956797614540686. Baker, D. P., Eslinger, P. J., Benavides, M., Peters, E., Dieckmann, N. F., Leon, J. (2015). The cognitive impact of the education revolution: A possible cause of the Flynn Effect on population IQ.Intelligence,49, 144-158. Boomsma, D. (2014). Can GE-covariance originating in phenotype to environment transmission account for the Flynn Effect? J Intell 2 (3): 82105Dickens WT, Flynn JR (2001) Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: the IQ paradox resolved.Psychol Rev,108(2), 346369Dickens. Dutton, E., van der Linden, D., Lynn, R. (2016). The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review.Intelligence,59, 163-169. Flynn, J. R. (2013). The Flynn effect and Flynns paradox.Intelligence,41(6), 851-857. Flynn, J. R., Flynn, J. R. (2012).Are we getting smarter?: Rising IQ in the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press. Froehlich, L., Martiny, S. E., Deaux, K., Goetz, T., Mok, S. Y. (2016). Being smart or getting smarter: Implicit theory of intelligence moderates stereotype threat and stereotype lift effects.British Journal of Social Psychology,55(3), 564-587. Grgoire, J., Daniel, M., Llorente, A. M., Weiss, L. G. (2015). The Flynn effect and its clinical implications.WISC-IV assessment and interpretation. Scientist-practitioner perspectives, 187-212. Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V. (2013).The rational animal: How evolution made us smarter than we think. Basic Books. Madison, G., of Menie, M. A. W., Snger, J. (2016). Secular slowing of auditory simple reaction time in Sweden (19591985).Frontiers in human neuroscience,10. Must, O., Must, A., Mikk, J. (2016). Predicting the Flynn Effect through word abstractness: Results from the National Intelligence Tests support Flynn's explanation.Intelligence,57, 7-14. Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C. (2015). Education in an open informational world.Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource. Shenk, D. (2017). What is the Flynn Effect, and how does it change our understanding of IQ?.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science,8(1-2). Winston, A. S. (2016). Tackling the World's Challenges With Technology.MIT Sloan Management Review,58(1), 26.