Symbolism Of The Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath

Symbols In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family experiences many hardships on the journey to and in California, ranging from dying family members to a lack of sufficient food. In the third chapter of the novel, author John Steinbeck introduces a determined turtle who attempts to make its journey across a highway. The turtle is apparently nearly run over multiple times, and is actually hit by a car. This causes the turtle to be flipped on its shell, until it catches its footing and â€Å"little by little the shell [pulls] over and [is] flopped upright†(16). The turtle then continues its journey and successfully crosses the highway. Although this chapter may have seemed out of place, as the turtle seems to have nothing to do with the novel, Steinbeck’s use of symbolism is apparent. The turtle itself is supposed to symbolize the Joad family and the struggles they face trying to find a better life. Like the turtle, the family is knocked down many times, and like the turtle the family is still able to find its footing and stay determined. The Joad family’s goal is to make a living in California, and although they will face many challenges, they still have their eyes set on crossing their own personal and hazardous turtle highway. Another form of symbolism takes place later in the novel in chapter thirteen, when the Joad family dog is run over by a car on the highway. In the story, the dog’s mangled corpse is described to be â€Å"a blot of blood [with] tangled, burstShow MoreRelated Comparing and Contrasting the Novel and Movie Version of The Grapes of Wrath968 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting the Novel and Movie Version of The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck wrote the The Grapes of Wrath in 1939 to rouse its readers against those who were responsible for keeping the American people in poverty. The Grapes of Wrath tells the story of the Joad family, migrant farmers from Oklahoma traveling to California in search of an illusion of prosperity. The novels strong stance stirred up much controversy, as it was often called Communist propaganda, and banned fromRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath : The Great Depression1748 Words   |  7 PagesJamie LoConte Mrs. Viscosi AP Lang. Per. 4 5 April 2017 The Grapes of Wrath: The Great Depression â€Å"Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, walks up the stairs of his concepts, and emerges ahead of his accomplishments† (Steinbeck). The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is a classic book read by millions in high school due to its simple prose, clear symbolism, and its heartwarming story of perseverance against the odds. However, this novel is far moreRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that in my opinion illustrates the terrible conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930s were forced to live under. This novel in a very descriptive and emotional way tells of one familys migration west to California from Oklahoma (the Joad family) through the great economic depression of the 1930s. The story revolves around the family having toRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck2739 Words   |  11 PagesHeavren 15 Christian Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath Since the first civilizations, religion has greatly influenced the development of life. It has been a constant presence in America, tracing back to the Puritans who voyaged to the New World to escape religious persecution. Centuries later, religion has retained its place in American society, being expressed in a variety of ways and particularly emanating in times of struggle and hardship. Amidst a period of great difficulty for average AmericansRead MoreSymbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Essay2308 Words   |  10 PagesSymbolism in The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Through such hardships as the Depression, the Dust Bowl summers, and trying to provide for their own families, which included the search for a safe existence, we find the story of the Joads. The Joads are the main family in John Steinbecks novel The Grapes of Wrath, which he created to give voice to the hundreds of families that found themselves at their absolute rock bottom during the Great Depression of the 20th Century in America. Read MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath April 14th, 1939, John Steinbeck published the novel, The Grapes of Wrath. The novel became an immediate best seller, with selling over 428,900 copies. Steinbeck, who lived through both the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, sought to bring attention to how families of Oklahoma outdid these disasters. Steinbeck focuses on families of Oklahoma, including the Joads family, who reside on a farm. The Joad family is tested with hardship when life for them on their farm takesRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1563 Words   |  7 Pages John Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, depicts a migrant farming family in the 1930s. During this time, life revolved around the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, making circumstances difficult for almost everyone involved, especially those who had little. This time of drought and despair caused people to lose hope in everything they’ve ever known, even themselves, but those who did not, put their hope in the â€Å"promised land† of California. Here, the grass was thought to be truly greenerRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck2144 Words   |  9 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath is a well-known beloved novel of American Literature, written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. Whoever said a road is just a road has not read The Grapes of Wrath. From the time we read when Tom Joad, novel’s protagonist, returns home after four years in prison; the meaning of roads changed. Route 66, also known as the mother road the road of flight, was a lifel ine road, which allowed thousands of families to pursue their hopes and dreams. This road is also the road thatRead MoreEssay on The Grapes Of Wrath: Symbolic Characters2879 Words   |  12 Pages The Grapes of Wrath: Symbolic Characters Struggling through such things as the depression, the Dust Bowl summers, and trying to provide for their own families, which included finding somewhere to travel to where life would be safe. Such is the story of the Joads. The Joads were the main family in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, a book which was written in order to show what a family was going through, at this time period, and how they were trying to better their lives at the same time. ItRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck3897 Words   |  16 Pagesrealized that John Steinbeck talked about Religion in his book Grapes of Wrath? Well, if your answer is NO, let me inform you that Steinbeck did talk about Religion in his book. There are many similarities in John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath and Christ’s story. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck presents religion in different ways ranging from Jim Casy’s similarities to Christ, the use of Christian theology, and the symbolism of some characters as pastors. Throughout his book, Steinbeck recounts the great

Essay on The Columbian Exchange - 1075 Words

The Colombian Exchange was an extensive exchange between the eastern and western hemispheres as knows as the Old World and New World. The Colombian exchange greatly affects almost every society. It prompted both voluntary and forced migration of millions of human beings. There are both positive and negative effects that you can see from the Colombian Exchange. The Colombian Exchange explorers created contact between Europe and the Americas. The interaction with Native Americans began the exchange of animals, plants, disease, and weapons. The most significant effects that the Colombian Exchange had on the Old World and New World were its changes in agriculture, disease, culture, and its effects on ecology. The immediate cause of the†¦show more content†¦In the new world, Europeans encountered indigenous plant foods cultivated by Native Americas. These plants were potatoes, beans, corn, tobacco, and cocoa. The potato is especially important because it’s known for on e of the main foods for Ireland. The European’s influenced oats and barley etc. Domesticated animals as pigs, chickens, sheep, and ox were also brought to the Americas. Horses were also brought to the new world which was a new tool for hunting and used for military. There is also a huge spread of diseases brought between the new world and old world. The old world brought over cholera, influenza, malaria, measles, and smallpox. The Europeans considered illness as a consequence of sin. The Indians whom were non-Christian were often considered sinners because they constantly getting sick. Those who were ill often were punished. The Native Americans had no natural resistance to the diseases and the population declined over centuries. The Inca Empire decreased by millions in 1600s. This caused for Europeans to look to Africa and began importing African slaves to the Americas. Once the African slaves began coming to the American they brought over malaria The Portuguese traded with Africa War weapons in order to get gold, ivory, and jewels. They later began getting slaves produced by inter-African warfare. At first the slave trade was controlled by Africans. These Africans were knows as the Bakongo whom welcomed the Portuguese and theShow MoreRelatedAlfred W. Crosbys Article The Columbian Voyages, The Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians769 Words   |  4 Pages In his article â€Å"The Columbian Voyages, the Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians†, Alfred W. Crosby seems to think that much of the Columbian voyages and what came out of them was detrimental to many cultures, most of all the Native Americans. Crosby brings up many institutions and ideologies to re-enforce his opinion, such as the slave trade and the conquest of many Native American cultures. One of the major effects of the Columbian exchange was the decimation of the Native American populationRead MoreAmerica Before Columbus And The Columbian Exchange1597 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fact that it was not merely the arrival of conquistadors and colonists that irrevocably changed the landscape of the Americas, but that it was also the coined term known as the â€Å"Columbian Exchange† that afforded these travelers the ability to proliferate so successfully. The basic definition of the Columbian exchange is one that defines the importation of European flora and fauna. It could also loosely represent other imports, both intended and unintended, such as tools, implements, and even diseaseRead MoreHow The Columbian Exchange Changed Global Consumption Patterns Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore. When he found the new world he brought with him European plants and animal species that were foreign to the citizens of the New World. The Columbian Exchange introduced many foo ds that are still essential to consumption in today’s world along with the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. The potato is a prime example of how the Columbian Exchange changed global consumption patterns because it was nutritious and had an abundant amount of calories in it and caused a mass population increaseRead Morecolumbian exchange817 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Columbian Exchange The Columbian exchange created an enormous interchange of various political ideas, cultures, foods, diseases, animals, and people between the old world and the new world, this give and take relationship caused many changes some positive and some negative between the two areas and help redistribute resources between the two hemispheres. There were many positive things that happened as a result of the Columbian exchange. Potatoes and corn became major food sources forRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange1317 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic and vipers on the other. After 1492, human voyagers in part reversed this tendency. Their artificial re-establishment of connections through the commingling of Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria, commonly known as the Columbian Exchange, is one of the more spectacular and significant ecological events of the past millennium. When Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the AtlanticRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange Statistics782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange Statistics By the Numbers Estimated population of Europe in 1492: about 60 million Estimated population of the Americas in 1492: 40-100 million Estimated population of Europe in 1800: 150 million Estimated population of the Americas in 1800: 25 million (the vast majority of whom were of European or African descent) Major domesticated animals in the New World in 1492: dog, llama Major domesticated animals in the Old World in 1492: horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chickenRead MoreImpact Of The Columbian Exchange909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange was an event that was very impactful on modern day. The Columbian Exchange was the widespread trade of plants, animals, guns, and diseases. It occured between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Examples of products that the Americas contributed are turkey, squash, and potatoes. Examples of products that Europe contributed are horses, sugar, and smallpox. Columbian exchange was a huge impact on our modern day world because it changed war and hunting, it introduced new ingredientsRead MoreEssay On The Columbian Exchange816 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange The discovery of the New world or America in the year 1492, and The Columbian Exchange it played a significant role on bring resources to various parts of the world. It brought the exchange of various resources like plants, animals, and diseases across the world. The year was 1492 is when Christopher set sail and put in motion The Columbian Exchange or also known as The Great Exchange. The Columbian Exchange affected the geographic location with the trading routes withRead MoreImpact Of The Columbian Exchange970 Words   |  4 PagesCrosby used the term â€Å"Columbian Exchange† for this significant event. In general, the Columbian Exchange has not only changed Europeans and Native Americas ways of life but also helped to shape the world today. First of all, the changes in agriculture has a great impact on both the Old World and the New in terms of culture and economy. The popular New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc travel to the Old Worlds during the Columbian Exchange. Thanks to the suitableRead MoreColumbian Exchange Dbq889 Words   |  4 PagesColumbian Exchange BBQ The Columbian Exchange was a major milestone in the diffusion of the New and Old World. In 1492, Columbus arrived in the Bahamas(2), where he first came in contact with Native Americans. There, both exchanged their cultures such as crops, animals, metals, and germs, hence the name, Colombian Exchange. This has brought about both positive and negative effects. While some negative impacts are exemplified by the near-genocide of Amerindians, the demerits are outweighed by the

The Flynn Effect-Free-Samples for Students- Myassignementhelp

Question: Is the world getting Smarter? Answer: Introduction The report deals with the question Is the world getting smarter? The report aims to present critical arguments in response to the essay question. The report critically evaluates the evidence surrounding the Flynn effect. The Flynn effect deals with I.Q scores of population and the way it changes over time (Shenk, 2017). The IQ score refers to the intelligence quotient. James Flynn, an American political scientist in one of his study conducted IQ tests scores for different population over the past 60 years. He observed that in all the countries, the data showed that the IQ scores increased from one generation to the next. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn Effect which reflects the improving modern environment (Flynn Flynn, 2012). It is due to these interesting phenomena, that there is a rising curiously to know if the world is getting smarter and if there is an underlying genetic potential. It is the rationale for choice of the topic. More studies are conducted in this field to k now if the present generation is smarter than then their grandparents are. Various controversies have aroused in response to the Flynn IQ tests. Some researchers have observed the negative Flynn effect, which do not reflect that humans are getting smarter. The reports thus, intend to address the question by using evidence-based arguments from the literature. For this purpose peer review articles will be researched from the online databases. Critical arguments There is a skyrocketing advancement in technology right from heart transplants to use of smartphones. As per Shenk (2017) in the past 100 years Flynn effect have been tested by many researchers. The Flynn tests are valid since the IQ tests are revised and standardised several times. The volunteers have conducted tests that were designed for members of previous generations. Flynn observed that new generations have scored higher than the original test takers in different parts of the word. Despite the geographic variation, the increase in scores for each decade, tend to be around three extra IQ points. Froehlich et al. (2016), who explained that the IQ scores reflect the improvement in the modern environment, also support these test results. This paper explained the increase in the IQ score. It says that both hereditary and the environmental factors are responsible for the increase in the score. Children have higher IQ in later life if they grow up in environment with lots of learning opportunities. It may be interpreted that these opportunities have led to increase in IQ over time. Latest studies support the Flynn effect and argues that the world is getting smarter. The modern researchers also explained Flynn effect in terms of better nutrition, better education, and more simulation that leads to increase in IQ score. Better education leads to better vocabulary and scientific habits of mind (Scardamalia Bereiter, 2015). These arguments may be reasonable to an extent because in 19th century people may explain the relationship between dog and hare as dog hunts the hare. However, the response generated by the modern person may be somewhat different. It may be dogs and mammals are both mammals. It represents the abstract thinking, which may have caused the increase in IQ score. Flynns explanations can be considered valid because in the modern world there is wealth of visual images which may have improved the mapping skills of people. There is a better understanding among the modern people in regards to three-dimensional figures and how they rotate. Based on the studies conducted on genetics humans are not getting smarter. According to Boomsma (2014), around 2000 genes control the human intelligence, it was found that between 2000 and 6000 years, humanitys intelligence peaked. Considering the rate of accumulation of the genetic mutation, it was calculated that almost all of the humanity have sustained at least two mutations, within the last 3000 years. These mutations were harmful to the genes determining the intellect. Based on these studies it can be interpreted that not all the mutations leads to harm. In case of mutation, the strong gene can cover the weakness of the weak gene as they exist in pairs. As per the calculations of these geneticists, intelligence is more fragile than it seems. The researcher Gerald Crabtree analysed that when species were hunter-gatherers, there was more the need of intelligence. For instance, failing to throw the spear at lion during attack means falling a prey and no more passing of the genes t o the offspring. The present modern generation rarely faces such tests of life and deaths (Baker et al., 2015). These results reflect that unlike our ancestors, intelligence is not evolutionarily important to present day humans. These evidences are not strong enough to argue that humans are not getting smarter. Without the smart thinking, such technological advancements would not have been possible. Thus, it is questionable if the humans are becoming smarter than before. Boomsma (2014) argued that humans are getting both smarter and dumber with time. This argument is based on various new studies that suggest that rising IQ scores are on decline including the underlying genetic potential for the smarts. According to this study, by one measure of intelligence the Victorians has modern folk beat. The study highlighted the trouble associated with the measurements. The measurements really reveal the intelligence is doubtful. Moreover, smarts are not defined by just one thing. This argument may be true because the factors that develop a clever person in African Savannah may not be same when considering the smart people in developed centres of Hong Kong. Michael Woodley, a Sweden psychologist, supports this argument through his new research. Froehlich et al. (2016) showed that intelligence is not simply increasing or decreasing. He argues that different parts of the intelligence are changing in different manner. The decline of the human intelligence has bee n agued by other researchers who have worked on dysgenic mating. Various genetic studies showed a negative relation between the IQ and reproduction. As per these studies, intelligent people have fewer babies. In this respect intelligence being partly genetic the IQ scores should have been dropping. However, the Flynn effect showed an increase in IQ score thereby creating a paradox for the theory of dysgenic mating (Dutton et al. 2016). These arguments against Flynn can be contradicted with the fact that in Norway and Sweden more children are born to lower IQ and less educated people. Both countries make easy availability of the birth control. The still rising IQ scores in most part of the world according to Flynn might be the environmental factors causing genetic problems The decrease in intelligence over time has been observed that contradicts the Flynn effect. Michael Woodley and other researchers have tuned to reaction time to prove this argument instead of IQ tests. The reaction time is the time required to respond to the stimulus. Unlike the IQ scores, the reaction time is not influenced by the cultural factors. Reaction time was chosen because it represents the ability of the individual to engage in cognitive processing. The results of the study in 1880 showed higher average reaction time for men when compared to women (Madison et al., 2016). After 1941, Sir Francis Galton conducted 12 similar studies and found that the average reaction time was much slower than before. Michael Woodley expanded these studies in 2010 using improved timers that ensure the accuracy of the results. The pendulum-based machines used in Galtons studies were also found to be accurate within 10 ms. The group with more inbreeding performed worse, on the reaction time test (Kenrick Griskevicius, 2013). These study results compels one to believe that with more genetically influenced components of intelligence, the intelligence have been declining. However, these tests are questionable as Flynn argued that peak reaction time is same for both dull person and brilliant person. The argument is valid because it may be really a neutral speed or may be that people are more willing to take risks. Considering the various genetic studies and reaction time tests it can be argued that the underlying decline of the human capacity to think smart is being masked by the Flynn effect.. Thus, the underlying decline a psychometric dark matter may not be highlighted on the tests conducted on pen and paper. As per Michael Woodley, this situation represents low quality seeds but high quality fertilisers (Madison et al., 2016). Woodley argues that a high quality environment may have been masking the decline in smart genes. However, these arguments are supported with valid reasons in the literature. There may be several possibilities right from natural section, to exposure to neurotoxins. Based on the reaction time tests it can be interpreted that over time the ability of smart thinking is shrinking. These, studies contradict the arguments in favour of Flynn effect, which explained that better education and opportunities leads to smart thinking. However, Flynn criticised the reaction time te sts as there may be differences in technologies for timing responses. Reaction time tests may have procedural differences in the instructions given to the participants, the form of response keys, extent of prior practice, the nature of stimuli, numbers of trials which generates the averages, which altogether influence the response length (Must Must Mikk 2016). Analysis of the arguments in response to Flynn effect increases curiosity if at all increasing IQ scores means getting smarter. If accomplishing greater things by brain is intelligence then there is no progress in this respect since 1900. Genes do not select in the manner in four generations that it can be concluded that present world have better genetically engineered brains (Arden et al., 2014). Smartness in terms of doing creative work or solving conceptual problem have increased over time. People today are more creative than those in 1900 (Kenrick Griskevicius, 2013). However, the questions arises if people in 1900 were equally adapted to circumstances as they are today. Yes, they are equally adapted. People in early 1900 did work in factory, and did hunting. It indicates their capability to cope up. They were not mentally retarded when they had an average IQ of 70. In this regard it can be interpreted as no gain in intelligence. However, people today are adapted to far more com plicated world and in this context, yes there is a gain of intelligence (Shenk, 2017). According to Flynn Flynn (2012) these gains may continue through future decades with the rise in percentage of people exposed to tertiary education in different parts of the world. There is need of further increase in people attending graduating schools. These gains may continue with increase in people who engage in refining their skills and self-education. This argument appears to be valid, as ever since the introduction of the formal education in Britain and in America in 1900 the IQ scores have gone up (Baker et al., 2014). Recently, there have been huge IQ gains in Kenya. However, the developed nations and the strong economic conditions are not just because of IQ but also other circumstances. For instances, IQ gains have been observed in island of Dominica as per Flynn test (Flynn, 2013). However, terrible things such as hurricanes, mudslides, may slow down the economic development. If the Flynn effect was irrelevant then the courts in US would not have taken this into considera tion. Most US courts say that it is permissible to apply the Flynn effect, which is having an influence on cases (Grgoire et al., 2015). The reason for this decision was increase in IQ gains over time among the convicted murder, which led to spare of death sentences. Conclusion It can be concluded from the old and modern research in the field of increasing IQ scores and the decreasing reaction times that these results may have a measurable correlation. However, it is difficult to explain the measure of IQ with the results of the reaction time due to short of the order of such correlation. Reaction time tests may not be accurate as peak reaction time is same for both dull person and brilliant person. Just as there are arguments against Flynn effect there are also many flaws found in the reaction time tests and the interpretations made by the geneticists. Moreover, the effects of the genes are not yet fully explored. Therefore, it cannot be interpreted if Flynn effect was invalid and other genetic tests and reaction time tests were valid. Therefore, it is not clear if indeed world is getting smarter. People today are more creative than those in 1900 and people today are adapted to far more complicated world and in this context, yes there is a gain of intellig ence. Our ancestors cannot be called stupid as they too adapted to the concrete world of everyday life. However, present generation is living in times of wide range of cognitive problems that that encountered by our ancestors. Eventually, todays human have developed the brain that can deal with these problems. It can be said that the world is getting more modern instead of smarter. References Arden, R., Trzaskowski, M., Garfield, V., Plomin, R. (2014). Genes influence young childrens human figure drawings and their association with intelligence a decade later.Psychological science, 0956797614540686. Baker, D. P., Eslinger, P. J., Benavides, M., Peters, E., Dieckmann, N. F., Leon, J. (2015). The cognitive impact of the education revolution: A possible cause of the Flynn Effect on population IQ.Intelligence,49, 144-158. Boomsma, D. (2014). Can GE-covariance originating in phenotype to environment transmission account for the Flynn Effect? J Intell 2 (3): 82105Dickens WT, Flynn JR (2001) Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: the IQ paradox resolved.Psychol Rev,108(2), 346369Dickens. Dutton, E., van der Linden, D., Lynn, R. (2016). The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review.Intelligence,59, 163-169. Flynn, J. R. (2013). The Flynn effect and Flynns paradox.Intelligence,41(6), 851-857. Flynn, J. R., Flynn, J. R. (2012).Are we getting smarter?: Rising IQ in the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press. Froehlich, L., Martiny, S. E., Deaux, K., Goetz, T., Mok, S. Y. (2016). Being smart or getting smarter: Implicit theory of intelligence moderates stereotype threat and stereotype lift effects.British Journal of Social Psychology,55(3), 564-587. Grgoire, J., Daniel, M., Llorente, A. M., Weiss, L. G. (2015). The Flynn effect and its clinical implications.WISC-IV assessment and interpretation. Scientist-practitioner perspectives, 187-212. Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V. (2013).The rational animal: How evolution made us smarter than we think. Basic Books. Madison, G., of Menie, M. A. W., Snger, J. (2016). Secular slowing of auditory simple reaction time in Sweden (19591985).Frontiers in human neuroscience,10. Must, O., Must, A., Mikk, J. (2016). Predicting the Flynn Effect through word abstractness: Results from the National Intelligence Tests support Flynn's explanation.Intelligence,57, 7-14. Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C. (2015). Education in an open informational world.Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource. Shenk, D. (2017). What is the Flynn Effect, and how does it change our understanding of IQ?.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science,8(1-2). Winston, A. S. (2016). Tackling the World's Challenges With Technology.MIT Sloan Management Review,58(1), 26.

The Roots of Communist China Essay Example For Students

The Roots of Communist China Essay To say that the Chinese Communist revolution is a non-Western revolution is more than a clich. That revolution has been primarily directed, not like the French Revolution but against alien Western influences that approached the level of domination and drastically altered Chinas traditional relationship with the world. Hence the Chinese Communist attitude toward Chinas traditional past is selectively critical, but by no means totally hostile. The Chinese Communist revolution, and the foreign policy of the regime to which it has given rise, have several roots, each of which is embedded in the past more deeply than one would tend to expect of a movement seemingly so convulsive. The Chinese superiority complex institutionalized in their tributary system was justified by any standards less advanced or efficient than those of the modern West. China developed an elaborate and effective political system resting on a remarkable cultural unity, the latter in turn being due mainly to the genera l acceptance of a common, although difficult, written language and a common set of ethical and social values, known as Confucianism. Traditional china had neither the knowledge nor the power that would have been necessary to cope with the superior science, technology, economic organization, and military force that expanding West brought to bear on it. The general sense of national weakness and humiliation was rendered still keener by a unique phenomenon, the modernization of Japan and its rise to great power status. Japans success threw Chinas failure into sharp remission. We will write a custom essay on The Roots of Communist China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Japanese performance contributed to the discrediting and collapse of Chinas imperial system, but it did little to make things easier for the subsequent successor. The Republic was never able to achieve territorial and national unity in the face of bad communications and the widespread diffusion of modern arms throughout the country. Lacking internal authority, it did not carry much weight in its foreign relations. As it struggled awkwardly, there arose two more radical political forces, the relatively powerful Kuomintang of Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, and the younger and weaker Communist Party of China (CPC ). With indispensable support from the CPC and the Third International, the Kuomintang achieved sufficient success so it felt justified in proclaiming a new government, controlled by itself, for the whole of China. For a time the Kuomintang made a valiant effort to tackle Chinas numerous and colossal problems, including those that had ruined its predecessor : poor communi cations and the wide distribution of arms. It also took a strongly anti-Western course in its foreign relations, with some success. It is impossible to say whether the Kuomintangs regime would ultimately have proven viable and successful if it had not been ruined by an external enemy, as the Republic had been by its internal opponents. The more the Japanese exerted preemptive pressures on China, the more the people tended to look on the Kuomintang as the only force that prevent china from being dominated by Japan.During the Sino-Japanese war of 1937, the Kuomintang immediately suffered major military defeats and lost control of eastern China. It was only saved from total hopelessness or defeat by Japans suicidal decision to attack the United States and invasion of Southeastern Asia. But military rescue from Japan brought no significant improvement in the Kuomintangs domestic performance in the political and economic fields, which if anything to get worse. Clearly the pre-Communist h istory of Modern China has been essentially one of weakness, humiliation, and failure. This is the atmosphere in which the CPC developed its leadership and growth in. The result has been a strong determination on the part of that leadership to eliminate foreign influence within China, to modernize their country, and to eliminate Western influence from eastern Asia, which included the Soviet Union. China was changing and even developing, but its overwhelming marks were still poverty and weakness. During their rise to power the Chinese Communists, like most politically conscious Chinese, were aware of these conditions and anxious to eliminate them. Mao Tse-tung envisioned a mixed economy under Communist control, such as had existed in the Soviet Union during the period of the New Economic Policy. The stress was more upon social justice, and public ownership of the commanding heights of the economy than upon development. In 1945, Mao was talking more candidly about development, still w ithin the framework of a mixed economy under Communist control, and stressing the need for more heavy industry; I believe because he had been impressed by the role of heavy industry in determine the outcome of World War II. In his selected works he said that the necessary capital would come mainly from the accumulated wealth of the Chinese people but latter added that China would appreciate foreign aid and even private foreign investment, under non exploitative conditions. After Chiang Kai-shek broke away from the CPC they found themselves in a condition that they were not accustom to, they had no armed forces or territorial bases of its own. It had no program of strategy other than the one that Stalin had compromised, who from the Sixth World Congress of the Comintern in 1928 to the Seventh in 1935 insisted, largely because the disaster he had suffered in China that Communist Parties everywhere must promote world revolution in a time of depression. The CPC was ridden with factional ism; the successful effort to replace this situation with one of relative bolshevization or in laymans term this means imposed unity, which was ultimately made by Mao Tse-tung, and not by Stalin. Parallel with the Comintern-dominated central apparatus of the CPC in Shanghai, there arose a half dozen Communist-led base areas, each with a guerrilla army, in Central and South China. These bases existed mainly by virtue of the efforts of the local Communist leadership to satisfy the serious economic and social grievances of the local civilians, often violently, through such means as redistribution of land at the expense of landlords and the reduction of interest rates at the expense of moneylenders. Of these base areas, or soviets, the most important was the one led by Mao Tse-tung and centered in the southeastern city of Kiangsi. Correspondingly, in return for such service Mao was elected chairman of a Central Soviet Government, who supposedly controlled all the Communist base areas in 1931. .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 , .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .postImageUrl , .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 , .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050:hover , .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050:visited , .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050:active { border:0!important; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050:active , .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050 .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u85d2a2b3709bb3548d6082431f8bc050:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AI: Artificial Intelligence: The branch of compute EssayBefore I tell about Mao Tse-tung, I will tell you about Maoism. By Maoism or the thought of Mao Tse-tung as the CPC would put it is the entire evolving complex of patterns of official thought and behavior that CPC has developed while under Maos leadership. It was very difficult to unscramble Maos individual contribution while not confusing it with other thinkers of this time period as many have done and are still doing to this date. It is also difficult to separate the pre-1949 and the post-1949 aspects and the domestic from the international aspects. The first basic and most important characteristic that I believe is a deep and sincere nationalism that has been merged with the strictly Communist elements. Then closely resembling nationalism was his populism approach so full of strain that the CPC saw itself not merely as the Vanguard of the common people, plus as the progressive side of the middle class, but as representative of the people. This was important as it played the opposite position of the three big mountains (imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism) and still yet accept the passively the leadership CPC. Maoism still possessed two other points that are significant in understanding this ideology, it recognizes the decisive importance in history of conscious, voluntary activity and of subjective forces in more detail than the sometimes compared Leninism which was opposed to deterministic, objective forces. The last point it brings out is that Maoism stresses contradictions and struggle, or what might be called the power of negative thinking, to the point where it invents en emies of all types and comments on their size and calls them paper tiger as he did in a speech in 1950. Mao Tse-tungOn December 26th 1893 in a small village about twenty-eight miles to the west of Hsiangtan, Hunan in Shaoshanchung, Mao Tse-tung was born. He was born during a time of widespread suffrage, his father Mao Shun-sheng had left his family to join the army hoping to return and be able to take care of his family. He soon returned with ample funds to purchase land and livestock, so was the background of his childhood and one of the reasons why he cared so much about the agricultural growth of his people and the need to end their suffering. His mother was a modest individual who cared about the less fortunate and believed heavily in prayer to gods for guidance and best wishes to the needy. Since he started working at the early age of five he learned and developed his tendency for thoroughness, paying close attention to what and how his father operated the farmland. His father eventually brought him a tutor to teach the business side of life and learned to read and write also. Learning to read opened his mind to books such as, The Water Margin, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and The Monkey, but the first book was his most favorite. Because it told of a rebels desire and the spirit of rebellion, what a symbolic meaning that would play in his future. He would eventually go to school in Changsha the Capital city where his life took a path he would never be able to leave from again. The Empire was full of discontent with the leaders role in the political realm. China was in political chaos and the leaders new of nothing that could save them. During these times many disasters would take place such as the Russo-Japanese war, and the Boxer Rebellion which directed the Chinese government to construct a shaky, but authoritative constitution to hope these problems would not destroy their monarchy. At this time Mao had been in school learning as much as he could about the political agenda and about the revolution that was going on. He read many books about the causes of the revolution and the many theories that authors portrayed that could end this revolt. He himself started to write his feelings down into what would be his life works on what he believed could halt the problem or really give the Republic back to the people. This is one of the reasons why China is now called THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA. From this point of his educational advance, he would be in close contact with future leaders of the revolution, his classmates. He helped them take papers and documents around the city that told of plans of attacking the government. With the help of his classmates the formed a student society that was a front for the revolution to reach the students, where they read works and newspapers such as Hsiang River Weekly, this paper would subsequently print some of his beliefs. This paper was eventually snubbed by the present leader Chang Ching-y ao. This is when his name became familiar with the government and they wanted him stopped and suppressed. He would soon leave to go Peking where he started to issue his views statements about the current government. This is where he started to learn more about Marxism and read the book the Communist Manifesto. When he returned he learned of the Hunan Armies seizures of citizens who they believed where threats to the society. From this point on, Mao new it would be his job and role in life to take charge and assert the necessary precautions to see that his people were treated the way that they needed to be treated. .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 , .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .postImageUrl , .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 , .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136:hover , .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136:visited , .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136:active { border:0!important; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136:active , .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136 .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30af0ca58ad68dcd7b28b218fe5db136:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Happiness Essay In EnglishBibliography1. Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works, Manchuria Publishing House, 1948, Translated By Stuart Gelder. 2. Jerome Chen, Mao and the Chinese Revolution, Oxford University Press, 1965. 3. Stuart Schram, Mao Tse- tung, Simon and Shuster New York, 1966.

Equestrian Symbolism essays

Equestrian Symbolism essays The ancient road was shaped before him in the rose and canted light like a dream of the past where the painted horses and the riders of that lost nation came down out of the north. . .When the wind was wild in the north you could hear them, the horses and the horses hooves that were shod in rawhide (McCarthy, 5). This vivid description suggests the encompassing theme of the horse in Cormac McCarthys All the Pretty Horses. As John Grady Cole stands on a lonely desert road in his homeland of west Texas, his home falling into the hands of another, he imagines himself a warrior like the Indians free and wild-riding on horseback, and headed toward adventure and the fulfillment of his dreams. Although it may seem at times to be merely the background in this novel, the horse is, nevertheless, an ever-present influence in the life of the hero, John Grady Cole. The very title, All the Pretty Horses, suggests a significant involvement and connection with horses as the central theme. Though its representation is extremely complex and intricate, the portrayal of the horse seems to reflect a few subtle allusions in John Gradys coming-of-age adventure. One primary representation of the horse is that it seems to symbolize John Grady's journey from a naive teenager to a mature man. From the very first pages of the novel, the feeling of travel and adventure permeates John Gradys actions until he finally sets off over the Texas plains toward Mexico. The obtaining of his fathers saddle from the closet in a hotel lends to this feeling of movement, of travel. "Hell fire and damnation!" John Grady exclaimed as he lifted a "brand new Hamley Formfitter saddle" from its place among the crumpled clothes in his father's closet (14). Adventure burns bright in his heart as he grasped the saddle horn and when he finally traverses over the Texas landscape, this sense of high adventure is in full swing. But of all t...

How to Cram for the ACT 10-Day, 4-Point Prep Plan

How to Cram for the ACT 10-Day, 4-Point Prep Plan SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve found this article, I assume it’s crunch time, and your ACT test date is in the next couple weeks. If you do not fall into this category (you have a bit of time- one month or more- before your test date), you can still read this guide for some study strategies, but I recommend you take advantage of all the time you have by spreading your ACT preparation out. Don'twaituntil the last 10 days to cram. Thoughquality matters in your ACT prep, quantity is also important: you have to invest a lot of time if you want to see big improvements. You can make a lot of progress in 10 days, butyou need to dedicate the necessary time to improve your ACT score.In this guide, I’ll walk you through the steps to raiseyour score by up to four points in just 10 days. WARNING:Don't use this rushed studyprogramunless absolutely necessary. If you have time to take the ACT again,doquick basic preparation for this test date and then follow a more extensive study program for the next test date. Consider trying PrepScholar or another ACT preparation program before your next ACTtest date. This guide on how to cram for the ACT outlines a very challengingplan that requires a lot ofdedication to work. You'll have to be seriously committedto see major improvements. All that being said, if you do decide to follow this plan, I've outlined two preliminary steps below, followed by the ACTcram plan itself. Get Your ACT Practice Materials Make sure to order a copy of The Official ACT Prep Guide, also known as the Red Book. It’s relatively inexpensive (around $20) and vital to your preparation. You should probably get it overnight shipped to you. The book has three real ACT tests for your practice. If you can’t afford the book (and even if you can), then you should print yourself copies of these free ACT PDFs. I’ll tell you how and whento use them below. Create an ACT Study Schedule Make a strict study schedule and don’t stray from it. You only have 10 days to jump four points, so 30 minutes per day of preparation is not going to be enough. At PrepScholar, we recommend fitting in about 40-80 hours of ACT preparation for a four-point score improvement. You need to fit that study schedule into 10 days. While completing 80 hours of preparation in 10 days will be basically impossible (even more so if school’s in session), you also won’t need 80 hours of studying since, in this shortened time frame, you’ll have the advantage of not forgetting any test technique. I’ve created a sample ACT study schedule below that fits in about 60 hours of prep into the 10 days before the test. Day # of Hours to Study Wednesday 5.5 Thursday 5 Friday 5 Saturday 10 Sunday 10 Monday 5 Tuesday 5 Wednesday 5 Thursday 5 Friday 5 Saturday 0- Take the Test! If you’re doing this ACT cram plan during summer break, great! You’ll have tons of time to dedicate to this schedule. If you’re attempting this schedule during the school year, you’ll need to put your ACT preparation before all else. Remember, it’s only 10 days! I’ve outlined the ACT study plan for each day below. 10-Day ACT Study Plan Before you dive into the waters of ACT cramming, look over each day of this plan to make sure you have all the materials you'll need handy for each day. There's nothing worse than sitting down for an intense study section only to realize you needed to print something out and you're out of paper. Note: This study plan is designed for students who are taking the Saturday ACT. If you're taking the ACT on Sunday or during the week, you may have to adjust some of the timing a little bit so that the 10-hour study days fall on weekends and not weekdays. Day 1: Wednesday- 5.5-6 Hours Learning Objectives: Get familiar with the test format, pick an ACT target score, and take a practice test. Get Familiar With the ACT Format- 20-30 Minutes If you’re familiar with the test format, you’ll have a huge advantage over other test-takers. Read these guides for an overview of ACT format: What is the ACT? A Complete Explanation of the Test What Is the ACT Out Of? How Do You Calculate ACT Score? Raw and Scaled ACT Rules and Regulations: What You HAVE to Know You should read these guides so that you’ll know what’s tested on each section of the test and how your final score is calculated. Both of which are important to know so you understand ACT strategy. Pick Your ACT Target Score- 30 Minutes If you don’t already have an ACT target score, you need to pick one. I won’t go into depth about this process here because we’ve already got another great article on determining the right target score for your dream school. However, the brief summary of how to choose a target score is to aim for a number at or above the 75th percentile score for admitted students at your target college. Why pick a target score? Picking a specific score will help you stay motivated during your ACT cram session. Write down your target score somewhere you’ll see it every day (like on your desk), and tell your parents the number. Seeing it every day and telling other people your target score will make you more motivated to reach it. Take a Practice Test- 3 Hours and 35 Minutes If your copy of The Official Prep Guide hasn’t arrived, you can take a practice test using these free ACT PDFs.Read the rules on how to get the most realistic practice test experience before getting started. You want realistic practice so that you’re prepared for what the conditions will be the day of the test. You don’t want to be surprised the day of the test. Review and Analyze Your Practice Test- 1 Hour When you’re done, review your practice test following the steps outlined in our other guide and review your essay using the ACT Writing rubric. NOTE: I’m having you take and review your ACT Essay for this first practice test. After this test, if you scored an 8 or better, I’d encourage you notto waste your time with any more practice essays. Your ACT Essay is not factored into your overall composite score. Your composite score is what colleges typically look at on your application. Since the ACT Essay does not affect this score, it’s a waste of your limited time to keep practicing it. However, if you’re not getting your score up to 8 or above, you may want to keep practicing it. While it doesn’t affect your composite, a very low essay score (at or below 4 or 5) may worry admissions officers that your writing skills aren’t up to their standards. Once you’ve completed your basic review, analyze your results: Which section was your weakest? Why was it your weakest? Were your issues mainly not understanding the content or did you make more careless errors? Did younot understand the questions? Did you run out of time? If you can’t easily determine which is your weakest section (if your four section scores- English, Reading, Math, and Science- were all similar), try to pick the section in which you answered the most questions incorrectly because you didn’t understand the information necessary to answer the question (e.g. youdidn’t know the formula you needed for a Math question). I suggest this method to determine which is your weakest section because information issues are impossible to fix without studying. However, they’re also the easiest kind of problem to fix because all you need to do is learn the necessary material. Determining your weakest section is important because it tells you what to prioritize in your prep. Don’t worry: you’ll still learn the techniques/strategies for the other sections, but you’ll start with your weakest section. Day 2: Thursday- 5 Hours Learning Objectives: Learn the strategies for your weakest section and apply them to a practice test. Now that you’ve determined which section is your weakest, you’ll learn the strategies for that section and practice applying them. NOTE: I’m providing links to all of the guides you should read to help with strategy and content knowledge for your weakest section. It’s a lot of material, so try to prioritize the topics within each section that you need the most help in. If there's a topic you aren't missing any questions on, don'tworry aboutreading that guide. For instance, if youaren't missing any inferencequestions, you should notread theinference questionguide. Prioritize the guides: start with the overall strategies, then check out guides on your weakest content areas (forinstance, if you got all of the slopequestions wrong in the Math section, start by reading the guide to slopes). Try to read the guides for all of the topics within each section if you have time. If you don’t have time to read it all in these two hours, don’t worry, simply bookmark the articles you didn’t get to read. I set aside time another day in the schedule to review the rest of the articles. Learn the Strategies- 3 Hours NOTE: The Ultimate Guide articles below reference other articles you should be reading. You should read every article mentioned within each Ultimate Guide. However, I've also highlighteda few key articles that youcannot miss. Reading The Ultimate Prep Guide to ACT Reading: Strategies, Tips, and Practice ACT Reading: The #1 Critical, Fundamental Rule The Best Way To Approach The Passage On ACT Reading Stop Running Out Of Time On ACT Reading 4 Top ACT Reading Strategies English The Ultimate Study Guide for ACT English: Tips, Rules, Practice, and Strategies The Top 9 ACT English Strategies You Must Use ACT English Prep: The Best Methods and Strategies The 8 ACT English Tips You Must Use in Your Prep Full Analysis of ACT Grammar Rules: Which are most important? Math Overall Strategy How to Actually Use Your ACT Math Formulas The 31 Critical ACT Math Formulas You MUST Know Plugging in Numbers: A Critical SAT/ACT Math Strategy Plugging in Answers: A Critical SAT Math/ACT Math Strategy Pre-Algebra/Elementary Algebra Complete Guide to Integers on ACT Math (Advanced) The Basic Guide to Integers on ACT Math Complete Guide to Fractions and Ratios in ACT Math Single Variable Equations in Algebra: ACT Math Strategies Probability Questions on ACT Math: Strategies and Practice Statistics on ACT Math: Strategies for Mean, Medium, Mode Intermediate Algebra/Coordinate Geometry Algebra Functions on ACT Math: Lesson and Practice Questions Lines and Slopes: ACT Math Geometry Review and Practice Systems of Equations on ACT Math: Algebra Strategies and Practice Problems Sequences on ACT Math: Strategy Guide and Review Algebraic Operations on ACT Math: Strategies and Formulas Plane Geometry/Trigonometry Triangles on ACT Math: Geometry Guide and Practice Problems Circles on ACT Math: Geometry Formulas and Strategies Lines and Angles in ACT Math: Review and Practice Reflections, Rotations, and Translations: ACT Geometry Strategies and Practice Polygons on ACT Math: Geometry Formulas and Strategies Solid Geometry on ACT Math: The Complete Guide Science The Ultimate Study Guide for ACT Science: Tips, Practice, and Strategies The Best Strategies for Reading ACT Science Passages The Only Actual Science You Have to Know for ACT Science Time Management Tips and Section Strategy on ACT Science The 9 Reasons You Miss ACT Science Questions Essay How To Attack ACT Essay Prompts and Raise Your Score ACT Writing Rubric: Full Analysis and Essay Strategies Take and Review a Practice Section- 2 Hours Whichever your weakest section, sit for a 35 to 60-minute practice section (varies by section). You can either print out one of the sections from these free ACT PDFs or use the Official ACT Test #1 if the book has arrived. After you’ve taken the section, review usingthe steps outlined in our other guide that you used for your first practice test.See what areas you’ve improved in and what still needs work. Day 3: Friday- 5 Hours Learning Objectives: Learn the strategies for another section and try to apply them to a practice test. Learn More Section Strategy- 3 Hours Pick between your other three sections (English, Math, Reading, or Science) and read all of the articles listed above for that section. If you’re doing extremely well in the section you’re choosing to focus on today (you scored at or above 32 on your first practice test), I’d encourage you to use one of the following guides for your study instead of the other guides: How to Get 36 on ACT Math: 8 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT Reading: Strategies from a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT English: 9 Strategies from a Perfect Scorer The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them Take and Review a Practice Section- 2 Hours For the section you’ve chosen, sit for a 35-minute to 1-hour practice section (varies by section). Use the corresponding section from the same test (Red Book test #1) you did a section from yesterday, so you can save your complete practice tests for use later on. After you’ve taken the section, review using the steps outlined in our other guide. Day 4: Saturday- 10 Hours Learning Objectives: Complete your strategy learning by studying the remaining two sections that you haven’t covered. Take and review practice sections for each. Learn the Third Section Strategy- 3 Hours Choose between your remaining two sections (English, Math, Reading, or Science), and read all of the articles listed above for that section. As I said above, if you’re doing extremely well in the section you’re choosing to focus on today (you scored at or above 32 on your first practice test), I’d encourage you to use one of the following guides for your studyinstead of the other guides: How to Get 36 on ACT Math: 8 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT Reading: Strategies from a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT English: 9 Strategies from a Perfect Scorer The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them Take and Review a Practice Section- 2 Hours Take a 35-minute to 1-hour practice section with realistic testing conditions. Again, use the corresponding section from the same test you did a section from yesterday and the day before (Red Book test #1). Conserve your full-length practice tests for later in the week. Again, review using the steps outlined in our other guide. Learn the Final Section Strategy- 3 Hours Whatever remaining section you haven’t covered (English, Math, Reading, or Science), and read all of the articles listed above for that section. As I said above, if you’ve scored high in that section (at or above 32 on your first practice test), use one of the following articles for your studyinstead of the other guides: How to Get 36 on ACT Math: 8 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT Reading: Strategies from a Perfect Scorer How to Get 36 on ACT English: 9 Strategies from a Perfect Scorer The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them Take and Review a Practice Section- 2 Hours Take a 35-minute to 1-hour practice section with realistic testing conditions. Again, use the corresponding section from the same test you did a section from yesterday and the day before (Red Book test #1). Conserve your full-length practice tests for later in the week.Again, review using the steps outlined in our other guide. You’ve now completed a second entire practice test (broken up over a few days).Compare your second test scores to your scores from your first test. Where did you improve? Where did you make the same mistakes? If you have time, go back and re-read the appropriate articles to help you learn from your mistakes (for example, if you got a few ACT Math Triangle questions wrong, make sure to reviewthat article). Day 5: Sunday- 10 Hours Learning Objectives: Complete your second practice test, review, and determine where you still need improvement. Take Your Second Full-Length Practice Test- 3 Hours and 45 Minutes Make sure to use a new (not partially used) full-length practice test from the ACT Red Book or these free ACT PDFs. If you have the Red Book, use test #2.As you did for the first test, copy the real testing conditions. Review and Analyze Your Second Practice Test- 2 Hours As always, review your answers and your mistakes. Take the time to compare the results to your other tests. Did you improve? In which areas are you still struggling? Topic Refresher- 4 Hours Go back to the articles listed above and re-read those for the topics withwhich you’re still struggling.Create flashcards if you need more help learning grammar rules or math formulas and test yourself with them. If you’re close to mastering all of the sections (scoring at or above a 32),and you haven’t read the below guides yet, checkthem out now: The 21 Hardest ACT Math Questions Ever The Hardest ACT Reading Questions Ever The Hardest ACT Science Questions and Strategies to Solve Them The Most Common Mistakes You Make on ACT English Day 6-10: Monday-Friday- 5 Hours Per Day Learning Objectives: Take and review a practice test each day. If you have the Red Book, use test #3 on Monday, then use the free ACT PDFs for Tuesday-Friday.Keep using the real testing conditions. Spend three hours taking the practice test (without the essay) As always, do detailed reviews using our other guide. Spend about two hours reviewing and referring back to our other articles listed above if you’re not seeing improvement in certain areas. Your race is over! Day : Saturday- 0 Hours It’s ACT test day! Go to bed early the night before, so you get a full eight hours. Pack your test ticket, calculator, pencils, erasers, extra batteries, snacks, water, etc. the night before, so you’re not rushing to find it all in the morning. Set your alarm for at least an hour before you need to leave for your testing center. That’ll give you time to eat a big breakfast and wake up. Read a newspaper article or chapter from a novel to get your brain going. Relax! You’re going to do great! What’s Next? Not sure where you want to go to college? 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People and Church of Nicaragua Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

People and Church of Nicaragua - Case Study Example People and Church of Nicaragua had huge expectations from Pope Paul II’s visit to the state in 1983. When the people led regime became autocratic and denied the common man its right to survive and prosper, the Marxist revolutionaries started fighting for the welfare of the people. The Church of the ‘poor’ also aligned with the Marxist revolutionaries and proactively supported their cause (Gutià ©rrez, 1973; Belli, 1988). The Pope’s visit was therefore highly significant for the Nicaragua Church as well as for the people because they saw it as intangible support and a means to convince the government for social reforms that would benefit the common man (Foroohar, 1989; Williams, 1985). But unfortunately, Pope’s visit was a huge let down for Nicaragua’s people and the Church. The major objective of the visit of Pope John Paul II was to proclaim that Catholic Church did not support communists. The huge congregation assembled at the Plaza was hop eful that Pope would lend support to the people’s revolution and decry the mass carnage by government led death squad. But Pope’s silence on the issue was a big disillusion for the priests and public but later wrote a letter ‘denouncing Popular Church’(Dew, 1983:632). He neither condoled the deaths of priests, nuns and innocent people nor made any effort to talk with Nicarguan priests so that could put their case personally. Despite people’s incessant chant, ‘Holy Father, we beg you for a prayer for our loved ones who have been murdered’, Pope was unmoved (Boyt, 1983). Pope’s agenda to his Nicaragua visit was politically inclined and defied wider human welfare. The priests’ fears came true and they along with people of Nicaragua became the innocent victims of oppressive regime that got the approval from the highest authority of Catholic Church, when Pope remained silent on the issue in his visit.

To what extent can a democracy infringe Human right through means of Research Paper

To what extent can a democracy infringe Human right through means of torture in order to preserve National security - Research Paper Example Conversely, so much have been talked about ways in which the states are handling the terror suspects. For example, while some people are supporting the idea of detention of terrorist without trial, others are against the idea. They argue that detention of a person without trial is a violation of human rights. International terrorism has been the greatest challenge to every state trying to deal with it. The biggest challenge is however the balance between terrorism and human rights. This paper explains some issues brought forward against states with regard terrorist detention. It also presents steps taken by the states such as the U.S. to stop terrorist. Many people disagree on the definition of terrorism meaning that there is more than one definition of terrorism. According to White (4), terrorism is an act that has to be analysed, measured, and weighed. In addition, the definition of terrorism is presented by different people based on their political and social realities and so there are many definitions. However, there is one that many scholars are using to explain the picture of terrorism. White (4) point out â€Å"that terrorism is an act or threatened act of violence against innocent people for political purposes.† This one definition used by scholars to bring out the picture of terrorism. Department of homeland security have taken quite a number of measures to counter terrorist, this includes, anti-terrorism and counter-terrorism programs. Anti-terrorism is steps taken by state to reduce the threat posed by terrorist. On the other hand, counter-terrorism is offensive measures taken to disrupt, preempt and respond to terrorism. Other measures include terrorism consequence management; the state prepares for consequences of terrorist incidences (Kraft and Marks, n.p). Counter-terrorism measures taken by the U.S. assisted in

Deer at Providence Essay Example for Free

Deer at Providence Essay Annie Dillard is a renowned essayist; having won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize of 1975 and written a number of books such as Teaching a Stone to Talk (1982), An American Childhood (1987), The Writing Life (1989) among others. In this article, The Deer of Providence, she comes out as a great writer and a lover of nature, who seeks the mysteries and excitement that come upon interaction with new natural environments (Dillard, ). We can be able to gather the main purpose of Annie’s as being the fact that suffering is a natural phenomenon hence people shouldn’t wonder why it has happened but should cope and move on; because its nature. According to the article, Annie is the youngest of four travellers from North America and the only woman in the group. They camp at a small village called Providence in the Amazon jungle and witness a shocking occurrence involving a deer which had been captured by the village dogs. The deer had developed injuries on its thin neck as it struggles to free itself from the rope now tying three of its hooves. They later had a sumptuous meal of well-prepared fish and a previously caught deer with rice and some bananas as well. As they headed to their tents for a goodnight sleep, it becomes apparent that the men had been astonished by Annie’s ability to look at the struggling deer at Providence without the feeling of remorse. Annie remembers her bathroom picture, at home, of a man who had burnt his face off for the second time in his life. This is where Annie’s main theme is revealed; Pain and suffering has got little or nothing to do with an individual, human or just a deer; it’s simply nature (Dillard, 1945). To support her thesis of pain and suffering being part of nature, Annie Dillard uses the illustration of the Deer of providence’s struggle and the burnt man in a newspaper article; a Mr. McDonald. I think the two examples are good enough to bring out the fact that nature doesn’t discriminate; whether human or not, we are prone to pain and suffering. The two scenarios perfectly illustrate the writer’s opinion and though they might seem to have different settings and occurrences, they correspond to the purpose. However, some differences arise from the wo examples given by Dillard. First is the cause of suffering in the two scenarios where we are able to observe that in the case of the deer of providence, it was another creature, the dogs and humans, who caused the deer to endure the pain and suffering. In Mr. , McDonald’s case, nobody was to blame for the pain and suffering he endured; it was a pure accident. The Second difference that comes out is the end r esult after the suffering where in the case of the deer it’s obvious that death will be the final result while in Mr. McDonalds case, there’s a chance of survival as witnessed in his earlier burning experience (Dillard, 1945). The similarities can also be derived such as the issue of both occurrences causing pain and suffering to those involved. Whether the pain endured is as a result of another creatures actions or not; whether the victims survived the ordeal or not (Mr. McDonald may have also died) equal pain and suffering was endured which, as Dillard the writer insists, is the main purpose of the illustrations. Annie Dillard manages to bring out her thesis and effectively supports it with examples which vehemently appeal to me as the reader. The way she argues out her opinion is quite persuasive and the fact that she uses her own experiences, both in the jungle and in the comfort of her home, shows the belief she has of suffering and pain in the world.

Avalanches And Landslides :: essays research papers

Avalanches and Landslides OUTLINE 1. a.WHAT IS AN AVALANCHE OR LANDSLIDE? b.EXACTLY HOW DOES AN AVALANCHES OCCUR 2. a.I TALK A LITTLE ABOUT PAST AVALANCHES b.PAST DEATHS FROM AVALANCHES 3. a.CONCLUSION CLOSING OF MY REPORT What is an avalanche? , well it's a large mass of snow and ice or of earth or rock sliding down a mountain side or a cliff. And how does an avalanche occur, well mainly they happen by vibrations caused by movement of the earth such as an earthquake, gunfire, rainy weather, and many more. Now I would like to talk a little about past avalanches and landslides that have occurred like the 1903 Frank landslide and avalanche that happened at the same time, in Alberta Canada it destroyed the parks canyons it's beautiful trees' it's wonderful sights and killed nearly one hundred people, and covered a small town near Alberta with ice and snow. Another devastating avalanche incident is the 1964 Sherman slide, in which a huge avalanche was triggered by the 1964 Alaskan earthquake. The slide spilled out onto the Sherman glacier, during the big slide several other smaller slides happened and those were the one that took lives in Anchorage, and destroyed property There are a couple of types of avalanches and how the destroy so much this one is named "Loose Snow Avalanches"1, it starts' in a small area then grows in size and mass as it descends.Another type is the "Slab Avalanche" it actually starts in a large area of ice and snow and then begins to slide. On September 12 of 1717 crusaded down the Troilet, Italy glacier, gaining speed on a cushion of air reaching a falling velocity of km/hr over a 3600 m fall. Two towns were destroyed, with seven people killed and a 120 cows lost. The slosh of an avalanche ran up the far side of the valley at a speed of 125 km/hr. In developed areas such as ski resorts it is possible to predict avalanches because they are controlled with explosives and artillery. In a back-country areas it is possible to predict avalanches because the forecast relies on experience of the person making the observation. There are no computer models available to predict avalanches and therefore predictions are only accomplished by repetitive observations and knowledge of snow properties. Due to difficulty in reliable predictions method areas of avalanche hazards must rely on controlling or altering the effects of an avalanche. The back country explorer must be highly skilled in determining safe routes and rescue procedures over and above relying on predictions of avalanches for personal safety. Avalanches kill people many ways but the most common cause of death is

Dbq on Whether or Not Enlightenment Thinkers Based Ideas

DBQ When looking upon any thinkers in recorded history, we must analyze the influences, assuming there are some, that provide a foundation or stemmed the creation of the thinkers line of thought or view on a subject.For instance, the philosophes of the Enlightenment are often assumed to have formulated their ideas single-handedly but if we were to analyze their thoughts we would see all of them stem from other ideas, or directly oppose thinker’s views from the Scientific Revolution, such as the relationship or similarities of Humanity and Nature, the use of the Scientific Method, and the ongoing debate on religion and its place in human affairs.To begin with, the extensive use of the newly accepted Scientific Method, or the new form of investigation that stemmed from it made the Enlightenment’s revolutionary government ideas possible. These documents support this fact, Document one, Rene Descartes’ The Discourse on Method, Document five Holbach’s The Syste m of Nature, Rouseeau’s Social Contract and Newton’s Principia Mathematica.For instance In Rene Descartes’ The Discourse on Method he states his four steps of questioning which started with he could never accept what was truth accept what he had already determined to be, secondly divide into as many possible parts as he could, third start with the simple and work your way into the complex, and finally omit nothing and be certain of your work by painstaking records and reviews. These steps, when transferred into the research of finding the epitome of government, the interactions of a society, and human nature itself allowed a complex and encompassing view on the philosophe’s society and government.Also, by using this method a more realistic or practical form of philosophy was created. Whereas in Greek philosophy most ideas where looking at a current government or in Plato’s case creating an entirely new one with illogical and impractical theorems, t he Scientific Method allowed thinkers to piece by piece respond to society’s and humanity’s flaws and they realized government is the greatest reasonable compromise in a man’s life.It began to be understood that at the forefront of Man’s separation from base beasts is the ability to live in a society influenced by morals, reason, and ambition as opposed to the animalistic instinct of their lesser cousins in the animal kingdom. (Doc 1) In Baron d’Holbach’s The System of Nature Holbach states â€Å" The enlightened man, is his matury, in his perfection, who is capable of pursuing his own happiness, because he has learned to examine†¦Experience teaches Nature acts by simple, uniform, and invariable laws. † According to Holbach man may pursue happiness due to his reason, as opposed to Nature’s infinite cycle man may change. Doc 5) Another result of the Scientific Revolution’s Scientific Method is Rousseau’s The S ocial Contract in which he outlines the requirement of man to participate in a society of his fellow man. Rousseau states â€Å"†¦What man loses by the social contract is his natural liberty and unlimited right to everything†¦what he gains is civil liberty and proprietorship of all he possesses. † The implications of this idea would stem a new frame of mind, one that required self-realization and an individual’s logic, a once radical theory was now shared by many philosophers.However, in order to keep society from imploding on itself some freedoms must be curtailed, which was the basis of the so called â€Å"social contract† the largest compromise in human history and what allowed the pursuit of happiness, and the achievement of one’s full potential. (Doc 8) Adding to this frame of thinking, and perhaps a major reason it existed is detailed in Newton’s Principia Mathematica it states, â€Å"Nature does nothing in vain.. for Nature is ple ased with simplicity, and affects not the pomp or superfluous causes. Applying the idea that nothing happens without a cause in Nature to Man, drove the philosophes to analyze human nature, and it may be said that all ideas of human nature stem from Newton’s no reaction without cause statement, mirrored by the scientists of the Scientific Revolution (Doc 2). The opposition to thinkers of the Scientific Revolution from the Enlightenment thinkers is often in religious matters. In support of religion is Galileo and Pascal, opposing it are Didrot and Holbach. In support of religion Galileo wrote in his Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, â€Å"..It appears that nothing physical which sense-experience set before our eyes.. ought to be called into question upon the testimony of Biblical passages†¦ For the Bible is not chained in every expression to conditions as strict as those which govern all physical effects. † In this statement Galieleo attributes the breaks of log ic in the Bible and theology as a whole, To the fact that it is simply expressions, or that due to lack of complete omniscient human understanding things may be explained by the presence of a divine spirit.Which leads straight into Pascal’s Pensees in which he states â€Å"†¦What is a man in the infinite? † This simple statement sums up Pascal’s reasoning of religion, he is trying to get across the fact that no matter what Humanity will never fully understand every process in Nature or the Universe, and as such it is only logical that something must understand everything, which would mean that something would have had to created it, and thus the presence of God is explained.This was more or less the view of other Scientific Revolution thinkers, the common consensus was that science, even in its greatest form would never be able to fully explain everything it is just not humanly possible, and as such a divine force, greater than man must have a place in the creation of things. Another Scientific Revolutionary view was that science could explain Nature, which is created by God and allow the church to piece out the moral and theological concepts of religion and society.This train of thought was contradictory to Enlightenment thinkers, who believed it was their job to piece out every last piece of human society, and improve upon it. So when the topic of religion was introduced, having a certain bias due to the Catholic Church’s previous actions they were more than happy to either discount religion altogether, or introduce the idea of religious tolerance and freedom.Pascal was a deeply religious man himself, and having spent most of his time trying to justify religion, can theoretically be seen as an â€Å"expert† on the topic. (Doc 4) One such example of an atheistic world view is that of Baron d’Holbach in his The System of Nature he states â€Å"†¦In his perfection (the enlightened man) is capable of pursuing his own happiness, because he has learned to examine and think for himself and not to take the truth upon the authority of others. This frame of mind of Holbach that man is the epitome of life and perfection, as well as each individual must not take orders or value the ideas of others unless weighed and examined according to their own logic directly goes against the concept of most religion, and especially the Catholicism of France, the country Holbach resided in after moving from Germany. Simply put Christianity has two main ideals no one is perfect, and due to the imperfection of man faith must be place in God to forgive and allow certain truths to come to light.Holbach himself was an atheist, and stated that often and it was considered widely known he had no belief in a higher power. (Doc 5) Supporting Holbach’s viewpoint is Diderot in his Encyclopedia Diderot states â€Å" Reason is in the estimation of the philosopher what grace is to the Christian. Grace determines the Christian’s action; reason the philosopher’s. † It is quite apparent that Diderot is not attracted to what he sees as a sort of blind un-investigated faith of a Christian, ideas like this oppose the religious tolerance of the Scientific Revolution, however, some Enlightenment thinkers believed religion had a place in society.One such Enlightenment philosophe, Thomas Paine, supported religion, mainly in the way he stated in his Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens that â€Å"no man ought to be molested on account of his opinions, not even on account of religious opinions. † Essentially, religion was a choice and as such man had according to his natural rights, the ability to choose a religion provided it would not harm or threaten the commonwealth, and in theory freedom of religion works well, and benefits the whole.However, as shown in countless examples ages of strict government mandated religions would oppose this religious freedom, but neve rtheless, Paine did support religion and the freedom of choosing one as a Natural Right. Finally, the separation of man from Nature which allowed the age of Enlightenment and the economic success during the philosophe’s time was a direct result of the Scientific Revolution. Rousseau and Locke’s ideas stemmed from men like Newton and Descartes.The scientists focus on natures and development of ideas about possible uses and the complete understanding of Nature’s processes, such as Francis Bacon’s idea that nature was there for experimentation and practical implications which morally justified the brutal Imperialism of the period. Another enlightenment concept based of a Scientific Revolution idea is shown in this Imperialism simply, Man is greater than Nature, and as such must have certain contracts with one another to fully achieve his potential.In Jean Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract he states â€Å"As soon as the multitude is thus united i n one body, you cannot offend on of its members without attacking the whole† This details the mutual protection of numbers in a society, and society is what separates man from Nature, as society is a concept produced from logic and reason, and during the Scientific Revolution, logic and reason where also said to be what separated Man from Nature (Doc 12) Furthering this idea is John Locke in his Second Treatise on Government he writes â€Å" Political power is that power, which every man having in the state of nature, has given up into the hands of society, and therein to the governors†¦. that it shall be employed for their good and preservation of their property. † This proves the fact that society is a compromise which goes against our instinct but preserve more people as a whole, and by going against our instinct using logic, humanity is superior in every way to nature. Locke was a prominent physician and philosopher who had, since college, been interested in wh at at the time was considered modern philosophy. Doc 7) These ideas stemmed from Descartes four steps of reasoning (Doc 1) and Newton’s statement â€Å" To this purpose the philosophers say that Nature does nothing in Vain† (Doc 2) In conclusion, in many cases ideas are formed from pieces of many other ideas, to say the thinkers of the Enlightenment stood on the shoulders of men of the Scientific Revolution is true to a point. Yes, they did use a combination of their ideas in the Enlightenment but in many cases their ideas directly opposed them, or expanded upon them. So, while the Enlightenmnt thinkers may be indebted for the Scientific Method most of their ideas are new or conflicting concepts when compared to the ideas of the Scientific Revolution.

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay

In Singer’s article Famine, Affluence, and Morality, his main goal is to get the point across that there are people in the developing world that are starving and have a lack of healthcare and the lack of shelters. He argues about how affluent countries react to the issues like Bengal and the way they look at the moral issue surrounding it. He also argues that the way of life is taken for granted by affluence people. The first counter- argument in the article is â€Å"the view that numbers do make a difference† (Singer, 1971). It refers to if every affluent person would give 5 dollars to the Bengal Relief Fund that money would add up. Therefore, there is no reason to have to give more money than anyone else in the same position. Singer argues that this is based off a hypothetical situation. He, however, says in the article that there is no way for that work since no one would give more than 5 dollars then there would not be enough money to provide food, shelter, and medical care. He says by giving more than 5 dollars he will be able to end more suffering. The second counter argument people do not judge the way Singer suggested they should. Many people tend to keep their judgments to themselves unless they go overboard, step out bounds, and break some type of moral code. The example that Singer uses is taking someone else’s property. Most people tend not to look bad on owning expensive items instead of giving to people less fortunate. Singer’s response to this argument is, â€Å"unless that principle is rejected, or the arguments are shown to be unsound, I think the conclusion must stand however strange it appears. It might, nevertheless, be interesting to consider why our society, and most other societies, do judge differently from the way I have suggested they should. † (Singer, 1972) At what point do people draw the line at what should be done and what is good but not mandatory. Singer brings up a point that, â€Å"In a society which held that no man should have more than enough while others have less than they need. † (Utilitarian Philosophers, NDG) Many people are influenced by the people around them. If people are giving less than people around them are likely to give less, but if people give more than people around him are likely to give more. The third counter argument is the difference between duty and charity. The argument is that in some utilitarian theory that everyone should work full time to increase happiness over misery. Meaning that, if people work more, are paid more money than people would not be as miserable, many people say money cannot buy happiness. Singer’s reaction to this counter- argument is that, â€Å"we ought to be preventing as much suffering as we can without sacrificing something else of comparable moral importance. † (Utilitarian Philosophers, NDG) Singer defines marginal utility as the level at which giving more would result in suffering in his dependents or himself. The meaning of this is that one would limit their material possessions to less than nothing. He further explains that he proposed a more moderate version of marginal utility, â€Å"that we should prevent bad occurrences unless, to do so, we had to sacrifice something morally significant, for one might hold that to reduce oneself and one’s family to this level is to cause something significantly bad to happen. (Singer, 1972) It relates to his arguments because he insists that we need to limit our material possessions to that of the Bengal refugees. Singer compares the distinction between duty and charity as not an easy line to draw. However Singer gives an example as this, â€Å"The charitable man may be praised, but the man who is not charitable is not condemned. When we buy new clothes not to keep ourselves, warm but to look â€Å"well-dressed† we are not providing for any important need. We would not be sacrificing anything significant if we were to continue to wear our old clothes, and give the money to famine relief. By doing so, we would be preventing another person from starving. † (Singer, 1972) In other words, instead of buying expensive worthless stuff for yourself giving the extra money would benefit more people and make it more charitable; however, you do not give the extra money to charity you are not looked at any differently. I do agree with some parts of his article, however, I disagree with most of it. First, I think that his article come off with a major attitude in my mind. He does however make some good points like the way he talks about how some people are influenced by the people around them. Another good point that he made is it should not matter how far the distance is wither they are in the same area as you are thousands of miles away. I do not agree with how he insinuates that the richer you are the more you should give. I believe that a person should give as much as he or she wants. I also believe that a person giving charity should not be held at a higher pedestal then someone that is not able to give to charity.

Symbiotic Planet essays

Symbiotic Planet essays In Symbiotic Planet, author Lynn Margulis explains her Serial Endosymbiosis theory, which is a recent theory of how evolution occurred. While the book was rather dull at times the theory itself is very intriguing. Most people assume that humans are the most intelligent and capable inhabitants of Earth. However, Margulis SET theory gives a new insight of how humanity began. The theory says that it all began with four different kinds of bacteria. Each type of bacteria merged with another type and began the process of evolution. As different types of bacteria merged and joined together, different animals and plants emerged from the bacteria and became a new, more complex organism. Also in the book, Margulis expresses her belief that new genetic life forms arose and are still arising. It is as if she believes that humans emerged from bacteria. Because humans evolved from bacteria, bacteria can survive without humans. However, humans can not survive without bacteria. Although the book moved rather slowly, I enjoyed reading about Lynn Margulis theories and it gave new twist on evolution. When thinking about evolution, many people think of humans evolving from apes and animals evolving from dinosaurs. Most people do not think of bacteria as the source of how humans came to be. I would recommend this book to others who find the topic interesting or for people who are narrow minded. Symbiotic Planet is an eye-opener that will make people be more accepting to new ideas for old topics. ...

The Donner Party, Ill-Fated Settlers Turned to Cannibalism

The Donner Party, Ill-Fated Settlers Turned to Cannibalism The Donner Party was a group of American settlers heading to California who became stranded in heavy snows in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 1846. Isolated in horrific conditions, about half of the original group of nearly 90 people died of starvation or exposure. Some of the survivors turned to cannibalism in order to survive. After those who managed to stay alive were rescued in early 1847, the story of horror in the mountains appeared in a California newspaper. The tale made its way east, circulated through newspaper articles, and became part of western lore. Fast Facts: The Donner Party About half of a group of nearly 90 settlers heading to California in 1846 starved when snowbound.Disaster was caused by taking an untested route which added weeks to the journey.Survivors eventually resorted to cannibalism.Story circulated widely through newspaper stories and books. Origin of the Donner Party The Donner Party was named for two families, George Donner and his wife and children, and George’s brother Jacob and his wife and children. They were from Springfield, Illinois, as was another family traveling with them, James Reed and his wife and children. Also from Springfield were various individuals associated with the Donner and Reed families. That original group left Illinois in April 1846 and arrived in Independence, Missouri, the following month. After securing provisions for the long trip westward, the group, along with other travelers from a variety of places, left Independence on May 12, 1846. (People would typically meet in Independence and decide to stick together for the journey westward, which is how some members of the Donner Party joined the group essentially by chance.) The group made good progress along the trail westward, and in about a week had met up with another wagon train, which they joined. The early part of the journey passed with no major problems. The George Donners wife had written a letter describing the early weeks of the trip which appeared in the newspaper back in Springfield. The letter also appeared in papers in the East, including the New York Herald, which published it on the front page. After passing Fort Laramie, a major landmark on the way west, they met up with a rider who gave them a letter which claimed that troops from Mexico (which was at war with the United States) might interfere with their passage ahead. The letter advised taking a shortcut called the Hastings Cutoff. Shortcut to Disaster After arriving at Fort Bridger (in present day Wyoming), the Donners, the Reeds, and others debated whether to take the shortcut. They were assured, falsely it turned out, that the traveling would be easy. Through a series of miscommunications, they did not receive warnings from those who knew otherwise. The Donner Party decided to take the shortcut, which led them into many hardships. The route, which took them on a southerly path about Great Salt Lake, was not clearly marked. And it was often very difficult passage for the groups wagon. The shortcut required passing over the Great Salt Lake Desert. The conditions were like nothing any of the travelers had seen before, with blistering heat by day and frigid winds at night. It took five days to cross the desert, leaving the 87 members of the party, including many children, exhausted. Some of the party’s oxen had died in the brutal conditions, and it became obvious that taking the shortcut had been a colossal blunder. Taking the promised shortcut had backfired, and put the group about three weeks behind schedule. Had they taken the more established route, they would have gotten across the final mountains before any chance of snowfall and arrived in California safely. Tensions in the Group With the travelers seriously behind schedule, anger flared in the group. In October the Donner families broke off to go ahead, hoping to make better time. In the main group, an argument broke out between a man named John Snyder and James Reed. Snyder struck Reed with an ox whip, and Reed responded by stabbing Snyder and killing him. The killing of Snyder happened beyond U.S. laws, as it was then Mexican territory. In such a circumstance, it would be up to the members of a wagon train to decide how to dispense justice. With the groups leader, George Donner, at least a day’s travel ahead, the others decided to banish Reed from the group. With high mountains still to cross, the party of settlers was in disarray and deeply distrustful of each other. They had already endured more than their share of hardships on the trails, and seemingly endless problems, including bands of Native Americans raiding at night and stealing oxen, continued to plague them. Trapped by Snow Arriving at the Sierra Nevada mountain range at the end of October, early snows were already making the journey difficult. When they reached the vicinity of Truckee Lake (now called Donner Lake), they discovered the mountain passes they needed to cross were already blocked by snowdrifts. Attempts to get over the passes failed. A group of 60 travelers settled into crude cabins which had been built and abandoned two years earlier by other settlers passing by. A smaller group, including the Donners, set up a camp a few miles away. Stranded by impassable snow, the supplies quickly dwindled. The travelers had never seen such snow conditions before, and attempts by small parties to walk onward to California to get help were thwarted by the deep snowdrifts. Facing starvation, people ate the carcasses of their oxen. When the meat ran out, they were reduced to boiling ox hide and eating it. At times people caught mice in the cabins and ate them. In December, a party of 17, consisting of men, women, and children, set out with snowshoes they had fashioned. The party found the traveling nearly impossible, but kept moving westward. Facing starvation, some of the party resorted to cannibalism, eating the flesh of those who had died. At one point, two Nevada Indians who had joined the group before they headed into the mountains were shot and killed so their flesh could be eaten. (That was the only instance in the story of the Donner Party where people were killed to be eaten. The other instances of cannibalism occurred after people had died of exposure or starvation.) One member of the party, Charles Eddy, eventually managed to wander into a village of the Miwok tribe. The Native Americans gave him food, and after he reached white settlers at a ranch, he managed to get a rescue party together. They found the six survivors of the snowshoe group. Back at the camp by the lake, one of the travelers, Patrick Breen, had started keeping a diary. His entries were brief, at first just descriptions of the weather. But over time he began noting the increasingly desperate conditions as more and more of those stranded succumbed to starvation. Breen survived the ordeal and his diary was eventually published. Rescue Efforts One of the travelers who had gone ahead in October became increasingly alarmed when the Donner Party never showed up at Sutter’s Fort in California. He tried to raise the alarm and eventually was able to inspire what eventually amounted to four separate rescue missions. What the rescuers discovered was disturbing. The survivors were emaciated. And in some of the cabins rescuers discovered bodies which had been butchered. A member of a rescue party described finding a body with the head sawed open so the brains could be extracted. The various mutilated bodies were gathered together and buried in one of the cabins, which was then burned to the ground. Of the 87 travelers who entered the mountains on the final phase of the journey, 48 survived. Most of them stayed in California. Legacy of the Donner Party Stories about the Donner Party began to circulate immediately. By the summer of 1847 the story had reached the newspaper in the East. The New York Tribune published a story on August 14, 1847, which gave some grim details. The Weekly National Intelligencer, a Washington, D.C. newspaper, published a story on October 30, 1847, which described the terrible suffering of the Donner Party. An editor of a local newspaper in Truckee, California, Charles McGlashan, became something of an expert on the story of the Donner Party. In the 1870s he talked to survivors and pieced together a comprehensive account of the tragedy. His book, History of the Donner Party: A Tragedy of the Sierra, was published in 1879 and went through many editions. The story of the Donner Party has lived on, through a number of books and films based on the tragedy. In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, many settlers heading to California took what happened as a serious warning not to lose time on the trail and not to take unreliable shortcuts. Sources: Distressing News. American Eras: Primary Sources, edited by Sara Constantakis, et al., vol. 3: Westward Expansion, 1800-1860, Gale, 2014, pp. 95-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Brown, Daniel James.  The Indifferent Stars Above: The Harrowing Saga of the Donner Party. William Morrow Company, 2015.